1. Global Warming: Emissions Sources and Solutions J. Drake Hamilton Science Policy Director Fresh Energy October 17, 2015

2. Fresh Energy – our core goals Healthy economy Healthy people Healthy environment Energy independence

3. Fresh Energy – our core goals Healthy economy Healthy people Healthy environment Energy independence Fresh Energy promotes public policy to create an energy system that sustains our economy, our people, and our planet.

4. NASA’s Dr. James Hansen: The Window of Opportunity We must cut emissions by 80 percent by 2050. We must begin to significantly reduce emissions within 10 years.

5. Minnesota Global Warming Legislation Next Generation Energy Act of 2007  State goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to at least  15 percent below 2005 levels by 2015  30 percent by 2025  80 percent by 2050

7. Global Warming Emissions by Sector, Year 2000

8. Human Causes of Global Warming 1) power plants that burn coal, and 2) oil-consuming vehicles, and 3) energy use in buildings 4) agriculture

10. Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies (Pacala and Socolow 2004) “Humanity can solve the carbon and climate problem in the first half of this century simply by scaling up what we already know how to do.”

11. Needed: Cut 7 billion tons of carbon per year Focusing on technologies that have the potential to produce a material difference.

12. Strategies available for reducing global carbon emission rate by 1 GT/year Transportation 1.Increase fuel economy for 2 billion cars from 30 to 60 mpg 2.Decrease car travel by half for 2 billion 30 mpg cars (from 10,000 to 5,000 miles per year ) Source: Science Magazine “Toward a Hydrogen Economy”S. Pacala and R. Socolow August 2004

13. Strategies (continued) Power Plants 3. Increase coal burning efficiency output from 32% [today] to 60% for twice today’s coal power 4. Replace 50% of coal plants with natural gas plants 5. Replace coal power with nuclear energy: double world’s nuclear capacity 6. Replace coal power with wind: Add 2 million wind turbines 7. Replace coal power with photovoltaic systems: 700 times the current capacity Source: Science Magazine “Toward a Hydrogen Economy”S. Pacala and R. Socolow August 2004

14. Strategies (continued) Capturing CO 2 8. Carbon capture and storage at baseload power plants 9. Capture CO 2 at hydrogen plants 10. Capture CO 2 at coal-to- synfuels plants Source: Science Magazine “Toward a Hydrogen Economy”S. Pacala and R. Socolow August 2004

15. Strategies (continued) Conservation & Preservation 11. Reduced deforestation and increase reforestation: decrease tropical deforestation to zero plus add new tree plantations at twice current rate 12. Conservation tillage on all cropland Source: Science Magazine “Toward a Hydrogen Economy”S. Pacala and R. Socolow August 2004

16. Strategies (continued) Other 13. Add four million wind turbines to produce H 2 to replace gasoline in hybrid cars 14. Replace some liquid fossil fuels with ethanol generated from biomass 15. Efficiency: Cut carbon emissions by 25% in buildings and appliances Source: Science Magazine “Toward a Hydrogen Economy”S. Pacala and R. Socolow August 2004

17. Keeping Climate in Control In the next 50 years, we need twice as much energy with no increase in carbon dioxide emissions 50 times more wind power 700 times more solar power 60 mpg vehicles 34 million barrels per day of biofuels 25% increase in building energy efficiency 1,400 coal plants replaced with natural gas 1,600 gas-fired plants that capture and store carbon All of the measures would need to be taken!

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19. www.fresh-energy.org October 17, 2015