1.  Three components  Your misinformation page and images  The disclaimer page  Testing it with others  This week's labs are dedicated to Project 1B  Look at the suggestions page 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology1

2. Warning If the images lack proper permission and legal rights for use, there will be a major grading penalty. You should have feedback on your 1A work by today. Contact your TA and me if you have any concerns. 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology2

3.  Each section will vote for their top two misinformation sites  Class will vote for the top four among these twelve finalists  Awards  1 st Place:50 pts extra credit  2 nd Place: 30 pts extra credit  3 rd Place: 20 pts extra credit  4 th Place:15 pts extra credit  5 th -12 th :10 pts extra credit 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology3

4. Fluency with Information Technology 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 4 INFO100 and CSE100 Katherine Deibel

5.  Digitization: Representing information by any fixed set of symbols What number is: ? The representation associates one item with each symbol … encode the telephone keypad using ten colors 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology5

6.  Often, there are many things to digitize, but too few symbols available  The solution is to create more symbols by composing patterns  Three patterns make three symbols:  Pairing them makes 9 symbols; when they are triples, 27 symbols, and so on 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology6

7.  Encode the Latin alphabet A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Three pattern triples = 27 symbols MAKE LOVE NOT WAR 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology7

8.  The most fundamental representation of information is presence/absence of a phenomenon  matter, light, magnetism, flow, charge, …  detect: “Is the phenomenon present?”  set: make phenomenon present or absent  Any controllable phenomenon works if you define it right  PandA: Present and Absent 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology8

9. ExamplePresentAbsent Optical disc (DVD)PittedUnpitted Hard driveMagnetizedUnmagnetized RAMVoltageNo voltage LogicTrueFalse 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology9

10.  Logical World: Information, reasoning, computation are formulated by true/false and logic  All men are mortal  Aristotle is a man  Aristotle is mortal  True and false can be the patterns for encoding information 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology10

11.  The miracle of IT is that physical and logical worlds can be connected  Present means true / Absent false  Or vice versa depending on the standard Pavement Memory false true false false false true true false true false true false false false 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology11

12. The Diving Bell and the Butterfly Jean-Dominique Bauby 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology12

13.  A protocol for Yes/No questions  One blink  Yes  Two blinks  No  PandA implies that this is not the fewest number of blinks … really?  Why not use no blinks for No? 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology13

14.  PandA is a binary representation because it uses 2 patterns  Bit  a contraction for “binary digit”  a position in space/time capable of being set and detected in 2 patterns Sherlock Holmes’s Mystery of Silver Blaze A popular example where “absent” gives information … the dog didn’t bark, that is the phenomenon wasn’t detected 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology14

15.  A byte is eight bits treated as a unit  Adopted by IBM in 1960s  A standard measure ever since  Bytes encode the Latin alphabet using ASCII—the American Standard Code for Information Interchange 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology15

16.  Bits represent information, but their interpretation gives bits meaning  Could be a number, color, instruction, ASCII, sound samples, IP address, … 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology16

17. Bias-free Universal Medium Principle  Bits can represent all forms of discrete information  Bits have no inherent meaning 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology17

18. What? You can't read 0s and 1s? 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology18

19.  F 0100 0110 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology19

20.  F 0100 0110  I 0100 1001 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology20

21.  F 0100 0110  I 0100 1001  T 0101 0100 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology21

22.  Defined sets of characters mapping to numbers (binary representations)  Examples  ASCII  ASCII extended  Unicode  UTF-8 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology22

23.  Tells the browser which character set to use so the page displays the way you want <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology23

24.  Uniform Transformation Format  Universal—all characters have a place  Each character is encoded using 1 to 4 bytes (8 to 32 bits) 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology24

25. Because we have ten fingers 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology25

26.  Different number representations are based around different numbers  This number is called a base or radix  Binary: base 2  Octal: base 8  Decimal: base 10  Hexadecimal: base 16 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology26

27.  1101 in binary = 13 in decimal  1101 in octal = 577 in decimal  1101 in decimal = 1101 in decimal  1101 in hexadecimal = 4353 in decimal 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology27

28.  All numbers use positional or place notation that is based on the radix  Decimal 1101= 1×1000 + 1×100 + 0×10 + 1×1 = 1×10 3 + 1×10 2 + 0×10 1 + 1×10 0  Binary 1101= 1×8 + 1×4 + 0×2 + 1×1 = 1×2 3 + 1×2 2 + 0×2 1 + 1×2 0 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology28

29. Recall that the digits in a number represent a power of the base value 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology29

30.  Given a binary number, add up the powers of 2 corresponding to 1s  Example: 10100001 = 128 + 32 +1 10100001 = 161 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology30 1×2 7 = 1×128= 128 0×2 6 = 0×64= 0 1×2 5 = 1×32= 32 0×2 4 = 0×16= 0 0×2 3 = 0×8= 0 0×2 2 = 0×4= 0 0×2 1 = 0×2= 0 1×2 0 = 1×1= 1

31.  Given a binary number, add up the powers of 2 corresponding to 1s  Example: 00110010 = 32 + 16 + 2 00110010 = 50 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology31 0×2 7 = 0×128= 0 0×2 6 = 0×64= 0 1×2 5 = 1×32= 32 1×2 4 = 1×16= 16 0×2 3 = 0×8= 0 1×2 2 = 0×4= 0 1×2 1 = 1×2= 2 0×2 0 = 0×1= 0

32.  This table explains the procedure  Let's convert 104 to binary 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology32 Decimal Place Value1286432168421 Subtract Binary Num

33.  Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology33 Decimal104 Place Value1286432168421 Subtractneg Binary Num0

34.  Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology34 Decimal104 Place Value1286432168421 Subtractneg40 Binary Num01

35.  Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology35 Decimal104 40 Place Value1286432168421 Subtractneg408 Binary Num011

36.  Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology36 Decimal104 408 Place Value1286432168421 Subtractneg408neg Binary Num0110

37.  Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology37 Decimal104 4088 Place Value1286432168421 Subtractneg408neg0 Binary Num01101

38.  Since we are at 0, the rest of the digits must be zero as well 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology38 Decimal104 40880 Place Value1286432168421 Subtractneg408neg0000 Binary Num01101000

39.  Thus, 104 in decimal is 01101000 in binary 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology39 Decimal104 40880 Place Value1286432168421 Subtractneg408neg0000 Binary Num01101000

40.  Note that we wrote 104 as 01101000  We could have written 1101000 and been just as correct  In computing, we usually write binary with multiples of 4 or 8 digits  Based on length of nibbles and bytes  We add leading zeros to the front 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology40

41. She turned me into a newt… using GIMP 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology41

42.  Two bytes is pretty common  Binary numbers are too long  Decimal numbers are more concise  10 is not a power of 2  16 is a power of 2 (2 4 ) 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology42

43.  0.. 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. 5.. 6.. 7.. 8.. 9.. now what?  We use letters:  10  A  11  B  12  C  13  D  14  E  15  F 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology43

44.  Same as with binary with two differences:  The digits are more than 0 and 1  The base is 16  Example: A37 = 2560 + 48 + 7 A37 = 2615 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology44 A×16 2 = 10×256= 2560 3×16 1 = 3×16= 48 7×16 0 = 7×1= 7

45.  4 × 16 = 64 11 × 1 = 11 (B = 11) 75 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology45

46.  Recall: colors are combinations of RGB  Husky Purple Red=160 Green=76 Blue=230 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology46

47.  RGB values range from 0 to 255  0 means none of that color  255 means full saturation of that color  rgb(0,255,0) is GREEN  In hex, this range is 00 to FF  We can write as GREEN as #00FF00 or #00ff00 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology47

48.  147 colors have been predefined for use in HTML and CSS  Examples 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology48 Color NameColorRGBHex Orangergb(255,165,0)#ffa500 ForestGreenrgb(34,139,34)#228B22 Purplergb(128,0,128)#800080 Redrgb(255,0,0)#ff0000 DarkGrayrgb(169,169,169)#a9a9a9 Brownrgb(165,42,42)#a52a2a DodgerBluergb(30,144,255)#1e90ff LightPinkrgb(255,182,193)#ffb6c1

49. Hints for RGB values in Hex:  FF is 255  80 is 128  40 is 64 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology49

50. Metadata and Compression 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology50

51.  Bits and bytes encode the information, but that’s not all  Tags can encode format and structure  Example uses:  word processors  HTML  Oxford English Dictionary 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology51

52. byte (baIt). Computers. [Arbitrary, prob. influenced by bit sb. 4 and bite sb.] A group of eight consecutive bits operated on as a unit in a computer. 1964 Blaauw & Brooks in IBM Systems Jrnl. III. 122 An 8-bit unit of information is fundamental to most of the formats [of the System/360]. A consecutive group of n such units constitutes a field of length n. Fixed-length fields of length one, two, four, and eight are termed bytes, halfwords, words, and double words respectively. 1964 IBM Jrnl. Res. & Developm. VIII. 97/1 When a byte of data appears from an I/O device, the CPU is seized, dumped, used and restored. 1967 P. A. Stark Digital Computer Programming xix. 351 The normal operations in fixed point are done on four bytes at a time. 1968 Dataweek 24 Jan. 1/1 Tape reading and writing is at from 34,160 to 192,000 bytes per second. byte baIt. Computers. Arbitrary, prob. influenced by bit n. 4 and bite n. A group of eight consecutive bits operated on as a unit in a computer. 1964 Blaauw &amp. Brooks in IBM Systems Jrnl. III. 122 An 8-bit unit of information is fundamental to most of the formats of the System/360.&es.A consecutive group of n such units constitutes a field of length n.&es.Fixed- length fields of length one, two, four, and eight are termed bytes, halfwords, words, and double words respectively. 1964 IBM Jrnl. Res. &amp. Developm. VIII. 97/1 When a byte of data appears from an I/O device, the CPU is seized, dumped, used and restored. 1967 P. A. Stark Digital Computer Programming xix. 351 The normal operations in fixed point are done on four bytes at a time. 1968 Dataweek 24 Jan. 1/1 Tape reading and writing is at from 34,160 to 192,000 bytes per second. 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology52

53.  “Continuous” information like light and sound must be made “discrete” MicMic Digital to Analog 001011101 001101100 000100111 111001010 001101100 100100111 101001010 Analog to Digital SpkSpk Digital audio uses 44,100 samples per second of 16 bits on two channels, or 10,584,000 B/min 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology53

54.  Compression: use fewer bits  Saves space  Faster transmission  Two types of compression  Lossless – Allows full recovery of data  Lossy – Lose some data but tighter compression 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology54

55. JPEG OriginalOver compressed 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology55

56.  Give number of 1s, number of 0s, etc.  Forget row encoding … alternate 1111111111… 1100000000… … (270 1s) (2 1s)(266 0s)(2 1s) … [Size: 270x200](0)(542)(266)(4)(266)(4)(266)(4)(266) … 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology56

57.  Three Basic Ideas + One  Limit colors to 256  Encode colors in table with byte  Encode as runs …  And finally, use Lemple-Ziv- Welch encoding which looks for patterns in the runs 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology57

58.  The core of the information in IT are binary digits—the bits  But it's not just numbers  It builds up to letters, colors, images, etc.  A string of bits can be anything  Additional methods enhance the bits  Metadata tags enrich the story  Compression can change the story.. or not 2012-04-23Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology58