2. A World at War The Tide of War Turns to the Allies

3. Strategies The axis powers never engineer a strategy against the allies – Too many conflicting goals? Allies had unified goals – Agreed on a Europe-first strategy – Japan and Italy were less of a threat – Racism issues?

4. Hitler’s Biggest Mistake Germany attacked Russia in June 1941 – Three armies were sent –Stalingrad, Moscow, Leningrad SCORCHED – EARTH POLICY - military strategy that involves destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy while withdrawing from an area Switches focus to Stalingrad

5. The Battle of Stalingrad Brutal fighting in the winter – Partisans and Russian troops Germans eventually trapped – Surrender 31 January 1943 Turning point in the European Campaign – Switched Soviet Union to the offensive

6. Allied Victory in North Africa and Italy Created a second front – Wanted by Soviet Union Allowed for a way to invade Italy – Why Italy and not down from England?

7. Montgomery (El Alamein – Nov 1942) and Patton wins Operation Torch Oct 1942 British under Montgomery win El Alamein against Germans in Egypt and start to push West Nov 1942 Allies land in Morocco and Algeria – General Dwight Eisenhower Feb 1943 Kasserine Pass – Erwin Rommel (desert fox) led his troops against the Americans – Broke lines and almost made it to the supplies before the US troops managed to cut him off – Lesson – the US needs to be more aggressive George S. Patton is put in command of the tank regiment in Africa

8. Casablanca, Morocco Roosevelt and Churchill meet for the Casablanca conference Two decisions: – Allies increase bombing of Germany – UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER – surrendering without conditions, so no guarantees are given to the surrendering power

9. Sicilian Invasion & Anzio July 1943 British and Americans begin landing in Sicily Chased the Axis powers to the mainland 3 September 1943 ITALY surrendered to the allies Allies bogged down and continue fighting until 1945

10. Allies Moving…Revolution in Rome

11. Germany “saves” Mussolini Hitler rescues Mussolini in a mini-plane and makes him the leader of Northern Italy (separated country) – Gran Sasso Raid

12. The Death of Il Duce

13. Operation Overlord Over a million men will land on the beaches at Normandy. 13,100 paratroopers of the 82 nd and 101 st Airborne divisions will land behind enemy lines

14. The Atlantic Wall

16. Hedge Row Fighting

17. “Secret Weapons” V-1 Rocket: “Buzz Bomb” V-2 Rocket Werner von Braun

18. Assassination and Liberation 20 July 1944 – an officer planted a bomb in Hitler’s headquarters – Rommel was in on it Aug 1944 – Allies liberate Paris Sept 1944 - BeNeLux

19. The Battle of the Bulge Last ditch effort of the Germans Almost succeeds – Cripples Germany by using her reserves and demoralizing what troops she has left

20. Marching on Berlin By January 1945 the Soviets reached the Oder River outside Berlin April 1945 – US Army reaches the Elbe River, 50 miles west of Berlin 30 April – Hitler commits suicide 7 May – V-E Day, Germany surrenders

21. The Pacific Theater

22. Island Hopping Strategy based on skipping islands with strong resistance and take those with strategic importance Many amphibious assaults MacArthur – commander of the Pacific forces

23. Guadalcanal – Aug 1942 – Feb 1943 First major offensive against the Japanese Japanese air base with the location and power to threaten Australia Japanese lose 24,000 of 36,000 defending the island

24. The Battle of Leyte Gulf 23 October 1944 – Return of MacArthur – Japan gambles on destroying whole US fleet by sending whole navy (all-in) – Japanese Navy eliminated – Only Army and Kamikazes left

25. Marines take Iwo Jima March 1945 – after bloody fighting, the marines take the island of Iwo Jima From here, US Army Air Force can bomb Japanese mainland

26. Okinawa April 1945 Bloodiest battle yet Samurai spirit leads Japanese (all Japanese not just soldiers) to commit suicide US loses 12,000 men, Japan loses 100,000

27. An Invasion of Japan Estimated 500,000 US lives lost in invasion – More than 1,000,000 Japanese

28. Manhattan Project Secret project to develop Atomic bomb at Los Alamos, New Mexico J. Robert Oppenheimer – lead scientists – “I am become Shiva, the shatterer of worlds” – Einstein (German) was also involved The Potsdam ultimatum given to Japan

29. Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6 Aug 1945 Hiroshima is bombed 9 Aug 1945 Nagasaki is bombed 100,000 dead 15 Aug 1945 – Japan surrenders

30. 2 Sept 1945 – Treaty signed on USS Missouri