1. Scientific Innovations, Inc. Joseph Brondo President and CEO Brookhaven National Laboratory Lucian Wielopolski, P.I. Naval Surface Warfare Center March 2, 2005 Scientific Innovations, Inc. Joseph Brondo President and CEO Brookhaven National Laboratory Lucian Wielopolski, P.I. Naval Surface Warfare Center March 2, 2005 SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR MATERIALS USING MONO- ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYS S CIENTIFIC S CIENTIFIC Innovations Innovations Inc. Inc.

2. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Objectives 1.A full scale demonstration system for resonance technology for explosives and IED detection in transmission and standoff modes. 2.Demonstration of simultaneous detection of explosives and nuclear materials.

3. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Physics –Radiation Interaction with Matter Gamma Resonance Technology, GRT is based on resonance interaction of gamma radiation with a specific level in a nucleus of an element of interest, e.g., N, O, Cl, and detection of the transmitted incident radiation or that induced by nuclear fluorescence. Photo-Fission Technology, PFT is based on nuclear absorption of energetic gamma rays that above threshold energy induce fission in fissile materials, e.g., U-235, Pu-239, Th-232, and subsequent detection of the emitted delayed neutrons. High-Z Detection Technology, HZT is based on attenuation of dual or triple high energy gamma beams and solving simultaneous transmission equations for resolving high- and low-z materials.

4. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Basic Characteristics Simultaneous inspection for explosives and nuclear materials Specific signature for explosives Fully automated decision making Single source can feed multiple inspection stations High throughput (1600 bags/hr, 24LD-3/hr/station) No residual activation or site contamination Elemental 3-D imaging capability Low false alarm rate (<5%) Monoenergetic high energy gamma rays ~ 10 MeV

5. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Public Safety Accelerator produces low energy x-rays. Target produces only gamma radiation, no neutrons. Shielded highly collimated beam. Dose to image N in human body 0.026 mrem. Dose to stowaway will be considerable lower. Gamma flux is two to three orders of magnitude lower than for VACIS or CT systems.

6. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Gamma Resonance Technology, GRT Resonance cross section is given by the Breit-Wigner formula:  abi =  2 g  a  bi (E-E R ) 2 +  2 /4 where g is a statistical factor given by: g = 2J + 1 (2s + 1)(2i + 1)

7. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Resonance Attenuation It is possible to measure simultaneously the resonant and non resonant gamma ray fluxes. The ratio of the two identifies the explosive At 9.17 MeV gamma ray resonance attenuation is about four times higher than the non resonant radiation. Deviation from resonant energy (eV) Arbitrary units Incident 9.17 MeV Spectrum Non-resonant attenuation Total attenuation Resonant and non-resonant cross-sections in 14 N (barn/atom) Incident 9.17 MeV spectrum and its attenuation by a 10 cm thick dynamite slab Net nitrogen = total attenuation attenuation non-resonant attenuation

8. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Gamma Resonance Technology, GRT A low energy proton beam hits a dedicated target and produces resonance gamma rays. These interact resonantly with N or Cl encountered in the explosive. Monitoring the transmitted and the scattered beams, with the transmission and scattering detectors, respectively, allows analysis and imaging of the elements of interest. Accelerator Target Transmission Detectors Object Transmitted Beam Protons Scattering Detectors Scattered Beam

9. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Resonance Gamma Ray Broadening Gamma-rays from the de-excitation of 14 N* (9.17 MeV) following proton capture via 13 C(p,  ) 14 N reaction (1.75 MeV resonance) 80.66 o 0.75 o aperture 1.75 MeV protons 13 C target Resonant gamma-rays are emitted at α =80.66 o to the beam, where DE(Doppler) = 2 x nuclear-recoil The 9.17 MeV emission line is broadened to ~520eV Contributions to line broadening are: Nuclear level width – 128 eV Proton beam resolution – few-eV per keV beam spread Proton beam optics – typically ~100 eV Doppler vibrations of target nuclei – 40-80 eV Atomic excitations concomitant with (p,  ) – 480 eV

10. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Inspected Object System Main Components Detectors Proton Accelerator ~2 MeV, 10 mA Target (p,  )  E  4   Gamma Beams  ~ 80.66° Δ  ~ 0.75° Recoil Doppler E  = (E - E 2 /Mc 2 )(1 + (v/c)cos  ) E  ~10 MeV

11. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Multiplicity of Inspection Stations Single system feeds simultaneously four inspection stations at one location. Single system feeds alternatively three inspection locations.

12. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Compact Accelerator Footprint Two compact accelerators (can be expanded to four) attached to a single power supply occupy a very small footprint. With a flexible cable they can be placed in any arbitrary configuration.

13. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Accelerator Specifications High Voltage~2 MV Beam Current10 mA per head Energy Stability (including ripple)±1 keV Beam Intensity Stability±5% Normalized Emittance<6  mm-mrad in each plane Electron suppression on columnreduce x-ray radiation Energy regulationbased on 90 deg. double- focusing magnet and slit system Auxiliary voltage regulationbased on generating voltmeter Ripple detectionbased on capacitive pick-up Beam diagnosticstwo beam profiles monitors, two Faraday cups with electrometer Operation and displaydigital, PC controlled

14. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Accelerator Auxiliary Systems Dimensions: ICT power supply height ~ 3 m - Ø ~ 2.2 m Accelerator head height ~ 2.5 m - Ø ~ 1.5 m Total weight ~ 10 tons Power requirement: ~25 kVA per head (there are 100 kvA PS) Water cooling ~ 50 litres/minute for ICT ~ 30 litres/minute for beam head ~ 20 kW Capacitor bank : ~ 1 meter (H) x 1 meter (L) x 1 meter (d) Regulator : ~ 2 m (H) x 1 m (L) x 1.50 m (d) - Electrical distribution board : ~ 2 m (H) x 1.60 m (L) x 0.40 m (d) Consoles for control : ~ 1.80 m (H) x 0.60 m (L) x 0.80 m (d)

15. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Accelerator Operation Hydrogen gas refilling, annually Target unknown ECR ion source inspected annually PC Controlled 7/24 operation automated unattended Tube 5000 h beam time Minimal training

16. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY PC Controlled

17. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Rotating Target System Rotating target exploded viewOne C-13 target was constructed and tested

18. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Detectors Linear array of: NaI, Resonance Detectors Bulk Detection: Liquid Scintillator Sandwich Detectors

19. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Resonance Detection System Two dimensional pulse height distribution from a resonance detector clearly separates proton pulses from electron pulses. Proton pulses at 1.5 MeV are produced in the detector by the inverse ( ,p) reaction of the resonance radiation with the N in the detector. t nsec 50100 PH pepe Particle Identification

20. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Accelerator Configurations Alpha Prototype Beta Prototype

21. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Potential Field Deployment

22. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Potential Field Deployment Stacked Containers Detectors Resonance Gamma Beam 36’ 8’ 18’ Target 21’ Using four ramps may inspect simultaneously 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity. (Times extrapolated from experiments)

23. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Applications Can be engineered into a transportable, readily deployable system

24. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY GRT: Proof-of-Principle Images: Out of resonance In resonance Nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous objects placed in a beam. Experiments carried out by Nahal Soreq Group

25. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY GRT: Demonstration on LD-3 Six explosives were hidden in a LD-3 container loaded with a mixed cargo. NRC Nahal Soreq group carried out these experiments using resonance detectors for nitrogen detection. Two images are created simultaneously. The upper image shows a regular gamma transmission radiograph. The lower image shows nitrogen image that clearly identifies the explosives.

26. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY PFT: Proof-of-Principle Nuclear material present No nuclear material present Time after pulse Accelerator Pulses Region of Interest Experiments carried out at INEEL PC with Acquisition Program Analysis Program MCS 3 He Neutron Detector

27. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Monoenergetic versus Bremsstrahlung Photofission E max n =  dr 3  (E,x)N(x,t)  (E)dE E thres Φ(E,x) Φ(x)Φ(x) E n = E photon - E thres

28. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Monoenergetic versus Bremsstrahlung Advantages Brmss.Mono. Photofission yield per second:3.39E+72.26E+2 Incident dose rate (mRem/s):1.58E+12.51E-4 Photofission yield per gamma:

29. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Low- High- Z Separation (Dual Energy Absorptiometry) H2OH2OH2OH2OFePbU T (cm) @ 5 MeV 5x558.757.153.682.12 10x1014.721.790.9230.53 A=exp(-OT)5x50.169 10x100.640 A @ 10 MeV 5x50.2720.1850.1290.129 10x100.7220.6560.5980.599 A @ 15 MeV 5x50.3250.1780.0990.094 10x100.7550.6480.5590.554 Ratio 5/10 MeV 5x50.6210.9141.311.31 10x100.8860.9761.071.07 Ratio 5/15 MeV 5x50.520.9491.721.79 10x100.8480.9881.141.15 Materials with the same optical thickness as 1000 g of U at 5 MeV can be separated using dual high energy gamma beams

30. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Cluster Analysis Resonance Mass Attenuation (  Nres ) 0.05 cm 2 /g Resonance Count Rate 0.04 pC/s  A Non-Resonance Count Rate 0.80 eC/s  A Experimental Values nn N’=kN 0 N 0 Gamma Resonance Counts N 0 -kN 0 = n√N 0 2 n 1-k N0=N0= k = exp(-  d)

31. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Scanning Times CR p 200 C/s(5mA) * 153x156x163 cm 3, Max. 1588 kg,  0.4 g/cc, Att. Factor 4 # 8’x8’x20’, 246x246x610 cm 3, Max. 20000 kg,  0.54 g/cc, Att. Factor 12 Cont- Explosive Explosive Time/ Scan ainer Dimensions Mass Slice Time cm gs min LD3 * 20x20x0.5 3008 10 LD3 5x5x5 1901.4 1.75 C # 10x10x1015001.8 3.66 a Estimated scanning times based on 3 sigma confidence level

32. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Current Systems CX450 M – L3 Eagle - Aracor Vacis

33. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Possible Locations

34. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Stand Off - Attenuation in Air Photon energy distribution in- and out- of resonance impinging upon a single detector after traversing 50 m of air, using 10 eV wide scoring beans the additional attenuation due to resonance cross section is clearly visible.

35. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY HMX and Air Parameters Source emission Φ 0 :270  /s/cm 2 /mA at distance of 1 m Cotton density:0.3 g/cm 3, (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n,  /  = 0.0219 cm 2 /g HMX:1.9 g/cm 3, (C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 ),  /  = 0.0216 cm 2 /g on resonance  /  = 0.0623 cm 2 /g Detector:BaF 2, 4.89 g/cm 3 Air (weight fraction): 14 N 0.755, 16 O 0.232, Air Density:0.001225 g/cm 3 Air Attenuation:off resonance  /  = 0.021 cm 2 /g, N Attenuation on resonance  /  = 0.052 cm 2 /g, (exp)

36. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Stand Off Distance Considerations Distance(m) Transmission in Air (%) Pixel Size (PS)(cm) Φ / Φ 0 (A/A o ) Geom.G2 A/4πr 2 (cm 2 ) Off Resonan ce On Total 1097959213/131A/8E-8 5088796965/651A/3E-9 10077624865/1301/2A/8E-10 20066382365/2601/4A/2E-10 30046231165/3901/6A/9E-11 Φ 0 - 270  /s/cm 2 /mA at distance of 1 m, Δ  ~ 0.75°

37. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Stand Off Angular Considerations 1)It is conceivable to measure gamma radiation resulting from the nuclear fluorescence. 2)The backward angles are preferable over forward angles due to reduced Compton background.

38. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Stand Off Considerations

39. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Unilateral System

40. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Nuclear Fluorescence to Measure Fe Oven to heat the source to about 1050º C. Heart measurement of a Thalasemia subject.

41. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Detection of Roadside Explosives

42. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Multiple Uses of the Basic System NFD NFD-Nuclear Fluorescence Detectors Future expansion of the basic unit by adding various detection systems and accelerators to the same high voltage generator NRD NRD-Non-Resonance Detectors High Voltage Generator Proton Accelerator Container#1 Container#4 Container#3 Container#2 RD RD-Resonance Detectors ND ND-Neutron Detectors CERBERUS

43. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Current Location at BNL The System Has Been Located at BNL in Bldg. 945 945945

44. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Technology Readiness Accelerator: ECR Ion SourceT9 ICT Power SupplyT9 TargetT5 Accelerator IntegrationT5 Detectors: ConventionalT9 ResonanceT5 SandwichT5 System IntegrationT5

45. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY EDS-GRT: Potential Users Force Protection (DoD) Military Bases Counter-terrorism Explosives Detection in Vehicles Warhead/Rocket QC (DoD) Crack & Void Detection Mixture Quality 24% Rejection / Shelf Life Medical Research Neutron Capture Therapy Whole Body Composition Environmental Cleanup (DoD) ) Unexploded Ordnance Detection Mine Field Clearance US Customs Border Control Seaports Explosives / Drug Detection in Large Containers Resonance Technology Department of Transportation (DoT Department of Transportation (DoT ) FAA Explosives Detection in Cargo Checked baggage inspection Scanning trucks/vehicles

46. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Possible Time Table Documentation Scanning System System Engineering Detectors Targets Single Stage Accelerator System Integration & Evaluation 4 1216 Month80 Experiments & Demonstration

47. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR Budget: Budget: Labor (3FTE)357,415.00 Labor (3FTE)357,415.00 Riggers (3x4) 7,200.00 Riggers (3x4) 7,200.00 Accelerator lease 750,000.00 Accelerator lease 750,000.00 Subcontracts Subcontracts SII 750,000.00 SII 750,000.00 NRC100,000.00 NRC100,000.00 Target100,000.00 Target100,000.00 Miscellaneous200,000.00 Miscellaneous200,000.00 (SF6, chiller, shielding, (SF6, chiller, shielding, Radiation monitors, Radiation monitors, Radiation security, transport line) Radiation security, transport line) Total Direct$2,264,615.00 Total Direct$2,264,615.00 Total Indirect $614,555.00 Total Indirect $614,555.00 Total$2,879,170.00 Total$2,879,170.00

48. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY