1. Ocean Habitats Chapter 12

2. Animals of the Benthos  98% of marine species are benthic  Hydrothermal vents  Rocky shore  Coral reefs

3. Coral Reefs of the World (Figure 12-16)

4. Coral Reefs: Tops in Marine Biodiversity

5. Coral Reef Morphology (Figure 12-17)

6. Coral Reef Zone Tour currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

7. Beach Zone: sands derived from erosion of reef limestone Boxer crab doesn’t eat anemones but uses them as weapons

8. Coral Reef Zone Tour currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

9. Reef Flat: RIGOROUS environment wave action, intense UV radiation, high salinities, warm temps corals are hermatypic (depend on zooxanthellae algae that live in coral poly tissues)

10. Coral & Zooxanthellae (Figure 12-14)

11. Reef Flat: Sharks & mantas frequent visitors

12. Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

13. Algal Ridge:

14. Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

15. Submarine Terrace

16. Submarine Terrace: Increasing coral cover attract fishes that prefer rich coral growth Basslett fish (haremic, capable of sex reversal)

17. Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

18. Terrace

19. Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

20. Slope

21. Coral Reef Zones 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off lowest light levels, few sunlight-dependent corals some feed on zooplankton and can descend as low as 1000 m

22. Drop Off: Soft corals are non-reef building (no zooxanthellae), no limestone skeleton, secrete toxins to discourage competitors

23. Deepsea Corals live off of the dead Desmophyllum cristagalli www.divediscover.whoi.edu

24. National Marine Sanctuaries Map courtesy of NOAA National Marine Sanctuary System

25. The World Ocean Floor

26. Maps courtesy of National Park of American Samoa

27. Artwork by Jayne Doucette, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

28. By OrSt grad student Emily Larkin

29. FBNMS: Some Major Issues  Natural & human impacts – Crown-of-thorns invasion, hurricanes, bleaching – Illegal fishing, sewage outfall Photos courtesy of NOAA National Marine Sanctuary System

30. FBNMS: Some Major Issues  Prior to 2001… – Sanctuary largely unexplored below depths of ~30-60 m – no comprehensive documentation of the plants, animals, and submarine topography.  Little is known of tropical “twilight zone” – shelf-edge (50-120 m deep) of coral reef habitats throughout the world

31. Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 2001 bathy

32. Images courtesy of Kip Evans, Nat. Geographic and Rich Pyle, Bishop Museum SCUBA / Rebreather Technology

33. Rebreather Dive Mission, FBNMS, 2001

34. BPI Zone and Structure Classification Flowchart Emily Lundblad, OrSt M.S. Thesis

38. Extra Credit #5 - Finding Nemo  5 copies will be on reserve by this weekend at Valley Library or rent it from a video store –1-page reaction paper, typed, SINGLE-spaced –Discuss what in the movie is related to the class  Currents? Habitats? Fisheries? Conservation?  Due by 5:00 Friday, May 27th –Hand in to your TA please !!! –Worth up to 20 pts. on final exam