1. Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics

2. Global Problems in Geology Distribution of Continents Mid-ocean Ridges Trenches Orogenic Belts Deformation Metamorphism Volcanism Earthquakes

3. Development of Continental Drift Frank Taylor (1910) Alfred Wegener (1912) Die Entstehung Der Kontinente Und Ozeane

4. The Permian Ice Age Problem

5. Wegener’s Theory

6. Dating the Breakup

7. Frank Taylor In some respects, Taylor’s ideas were more modern than Wegener’s Taylor always thought Wegener had stolen credit from him

8. Frank Taylor Recognized role of Mid- Atlantic Ridge Never reconstructed the continents like Wegener did

9. Confirmation of Continental Drift World War II technology International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957-58 Worldwide Standardized Seismic Network 1963-

10. The Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scale

11. Discovery of Sea-Floor Spreading

12. Sea-Floor Spreading

13. Where Does Ocean Crust Go? Hugo Benioff, 1954

14. Benioff’s Interpretation

15. Benioff’s Interpretation Updated

16. Worldwide Standardized Seismic Network

17. The Plate Tectonics Model

19. The Earth’s Plates

20. Global Plate Motions

21. What Drives It: Convection

22. How Plates Move

23. Reconstructing Plate Movements

24. Fit of Continents Across the Atlantic

25. Present Day Atlantic

26. Atlantic 65 m.y. ago

27. Geology of Plate Margins

28. Ophiolites: Oceanic Crust

29. Anatomy of a Mid-Ocean Ridge

30. FAMOUS: Close-Up of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge

31. Magnetic Stripes in the FAMOUS Area

32. A Subduction Zone

33. Why Mountains are High

34. Where the Plates Meet

35. Terrane Accretion

36. Terranes in Western North America

37. Plate Boundaries and Earthquakes

38. Hot Spots

39. Hot Spots: Hawaii

40. Pacific Hot Spot Tracks