1. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University Conceptual Framework for Evaluating the Impact of Inactive Wells on Public Water Supply (PWS) Wells Rick Johnson Oregon Health & Science University

2. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University Aquitard PWS WellInactive Well Downward vertical gradients are often created near PWS wells in confined aquifers Many inactive (e.g., irrigation) wells are screened across aquitards Under these conditions the inactive wells will leak water to the confined aquifer

3. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University 8000 m 100 m 3000 m Aquitard=10 m thick PWS Well Unconfined Aquifer Confined Aquifer Numerical Model of Inactive Well Impacts Inactive Well

4. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University PWS Well 10-year capture zone 8000 m 3000 m Key Definition: 10-Year Capture Zone Area (CZA)

5. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 01.53 4.5 Pumping Rate (mgd) 10-Year Capture Zone Area (km 2 ) High Low Medium

6. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0500100015002000 Distance from PWS Well Fraction of PWS Well Flow High Low Contribution of water to PWS from inactive well significant!

7. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0500100015002000 Distance from PWS Well (m) Vertical Hydraulic Gradient Low High Why is the inactive well contribution “constant” for different pumping rates? One reason is that vertical gradient increases as pumping increases

8. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University CONCLUSIONS FOR A SINGLE PWS WELL 1.Flow through even a single inactive well can be a significant fraction of the total flow through a PWS well 2.The contribution of the inactive well to total flow is roughly constant 3.The contribution of the inactive well does not depend strongly on the location of the inactive well within the capture zone of the PWS well.

9. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University Of course, the real world is often more complicated….

10. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University To examine the effect of multiple wells, we can use the simplified case of a continuously-operating PWS well surrounded by 8 seasonally-inactive irrigation wells 8000 m 3000 m PWS Well PWS well flow = 1.5 mgd Irrigation wells on a 1-km grid each pumping at 0.75 mgd for 6 months of each year

11. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University 8000 m 3000 m Summertime recharge due to irrigation Assume wintertime recharge Assume summertime recharge from irrigation in 1 km 2 area surrounding each well 10-year capture zone area

12. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0500100015002000 Distance from PWS Well (m) Fraction of PWS Well Flow As with the single well case, the inactive well has a significant impact on total PWS Well flow

13. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0500100015002000 Distance from PWS Well (m) Fraction of Leaked Mass Retained in Confined Aquifer How much water leaked into the confined aquifer is pumped out by irrigation wells? Almost None!

14. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0500100015002000 Distance from PWS Well (m) Fraction of Irrigation Water Coming from Confined Aquifer Why does so much mass remain in the confined aquifer? Because most of the irrigation water comes from the unsaturated aquifer

15. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University 0 2 4 6 8 10 0500100015002000 Distance from PWS Well (m) Volume Leaked/ Volume Pumped from Confined Aquifer Another way of looking at this is that the volume of water leaked to the confined aquifer is 2-6 times greater than volume pumped from the confined aquifer.

16. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University CONCLUSIONS FOR A PWS WELL AND MULTIPLE SEASONALLY-INACTIVE IRRIGATION WELLS 1. The 10-year CZA is reduced somewhat by the irrigation wells 2. The fraction of the total PWS well flow coming from a single irrigation well is still significant. 3.The fraction does not vary much with distance from the CWS well 4. Nearly all of the water leaking into the confined aquifer during inactive periods remains in the confined aquifer.

17. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University Next Steps: To put the magnitude of the inactive well problem in perspective: 1.We need to better understand the density of inactive wells in the vicinity of PWS wells The kind of detailed well-distribution data shown for the York case is being examined at other locations by NAWQA

18. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University Next Steps (cont): 2. We need to better understand the probability that inactive wells are delivering contaminants to the confined aquifer and the PWS well. Water quality data at the PWS and from monitoring wells is helping to determine this Environmental tracers from the PWS can be used to estimate the potential impact of inactive wells

19. OHSU Oregon Health & Science University Thanks to the USGS NAWQA Program for supporting this work