1. More break down = stronger acid
Strengths of Acids Arrhenius & Bronsted-Lowry definition: gives H+, hydronium ions in solution
Strong acids break down 100% in solution
HCl hydrochloric acid
HNO3 nitric acid
HBr hydrobromic acid
Weak acids do NOT break down completely
H2S
More break down = stronger acid
HCl H+
Cl- H+ H+
S-2 H+
Cl-
Cl-
H2S
Cl-
H2S H+

2. Strong vs Weak Strong will light a bulb brightly!
Weak will make the bulb light dimly.

3. Strong Bases Arrhenius definition = donates OH- Bronsted-Lowry definition = accepts H+ Strength is determined the same way as acids More break down = stronger base
Strong bases break down 100% in solution
KOH
Ba(OH)2
CsOH
NaOH
Weak bases do not break down completely
Ca(OH)2
LiOH
RbOH

4. pH Scale pH = power of hydrogen pH = -log [H+]
Battery Acid & HF
pH Scale
Stomach acid, HCL
Lemon juice, vinegar
pH = power of hydrogen
pH = -log [H+]
Each time you change a number on the scale you change by a factor of 10
pH of 3 is 10 times less acidic as pH of 2
pH of 1 is 100 times more acidic as pH 3
orange juice,
Tomato juice, acid rain
Black coffee
Urine, saliva
PURE water
Salt water
Baking soda
Great Salt Lake
Ammonia
Soapy Water
Bleach
Liquid Drain Cleaner

5. Neutralization Acid + Base  Salt + H2O HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
A salt is a metal and non-metal (not just NaCl)
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
HCl + Ca(OH)2  CaCl2 + H2O

6. Titrations
Technique used by chemists to determine an unknown molarity of a substance
We can use an indicator (changes color) to tell us when we are neutral (moles of acid = moles of base)
link

7. Titration Calculations
Moles of Acid = Moles of Base
M1V1=M2V2

8. Titration Problems acid = base M1V1= M2V2
1. What is the molarity of a CsOH solution if 30.0mL of the solution is neutralized by 26.4 mL of a M HBr solution?

9. Titration Problems acid = base M1V1= M2V2
2. What is the molarity of a nitric acid if mL M KOH solution is needed to neutralize 20.0mL of HNO3?

10. Titration Problems acid = base M1V1= M2V2
3. What is the concentration of a household ammonia cleaning solution if 49.9 mL 0.59 M HCl is required to neutralize mL solution?

11. Titration Problems acid = base M1V1= M2V2
4. What is the molarity of an NaOH solution if 50 mL of the solution is neutralized by 37 mL of 0.5 M HCl?