1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM January 21-22, 2015

2. Endocrine Disorders Gigantism excess growth hormone during childhood

3. Endocrine Disorders Acromegaly excess growth hormone after closure of epiphiseal plates

4. Endocrine Disorders Growth Hormone Deficiency (pituitary dwarfism) underproduction of growth hormone as a child

5. Endocrine Disorders Grave’s Disease excess thyroid hormones

6. Endocrine Disorders Hypothyroidism underproduction of thyroid hormones

7. Endocrine Disorders Cushing’s Syndrome – excessive cortisol

8. Endocrine Disorders Addison’s Disease – underproduction of cortisol

9. Endocrine System Controls and regulates the body through hormones Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the blood to one or more target organs Major processes regulated include Growth Reproduction Stress response Water / nutrient / electrolyte balance Metabolism

10. Hormones Are produced by a gland travel through bloodstream bind to /enter cells of target organ(s) change cell function of target organ(s)

11. Hormones How do hormones change target cells? Change membrane permeability / electrical state Promote synthesis of certain proteins Activate or inactivate enzymes Stimulate mitosis (cell division)

12. Major Types of Hormones 1. Steroids Diffuse across cell membrane and nuclear membrane (lipid- soluble!) Bind to a receptor protein in nucleus Receptor – steroid complex increases transcription of certain genes, resulting in the production of certain proteins Examples: sex hormones, corticosteroids

13. Major Types of Hormones 2. Amino-acid based (amines, peptides, and proteins) Bind to a receptor protein on cell membrane Receptor starts a series of events that produce a specific change in the function of the cell Examples: insulin, oxytocin, GH, melatonin, calcitonin, etc. Non-steroidal hormones always use second messenger molecules – molecules that are produced within the target cell as a result of the binding of the hormone with the receptor

14. Quick Review 1. What are the two types of hormones, and what is the major difference between them? steroids – can cross cell membrane, bind to receptor inside nucleus nonsteroidal (amino-acid based) – cannot cross cell membrane, bind to receptor on cell membrane 2. Which type of hormone produces second messenger molecules? Nonsteroidal (amino-acid based) produce second messenger molecules. After binding to a receptor on the cell membrane, an enzyme catalyzes the production of the second messenger, which in turn, brings about the cellular changes.

15. Quick Review Wait a minute, then show with fingers 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the major processes controlled by hormones? a. Body coordination b. Growth and development c. Electrolyte balance d. Cellular metabolism

16. Quick Review Wait a minute, then show with fingers 4. Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of hormones on target cells? a. Mitosis is stimulated b. Enzymes are activated c. Proteins are synthesized d. Cellular mutations develop