1. Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears

2. Black Hawk War
US govt says all Native Americans must leave Illinois
Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk refuses, saying no one can own land
US settlers moved into village when they were away hunting
After Sauk attacks, US troops drive out Indians

3. Indian Removal Act
President Jackson pushes Congress to force Indians to move west of the Mississippi
Congress established Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) as the new Indian homeland
US govt creates Bureau of Indian Affairs

4. “One of the greatest evils to which they (Indians) are subject is the incessant (constant) pressure of our population.”
John C. Calhoun
According to John C. Calhoun, why is the US government forcing the Native Americans to move off of their homelands?
What is wrong with this statement?

5. Cherokee Indians
Lived peacefully in the Appalachian Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee
Adopted culture of whites - wrote and spoke English
Had own written language and newspaper
Based their government on the U.S. Constitution

6. Cherokee Sue For Land
Cherokee sued the government of Georgia for taking their land
Worcester vs. Georgia - Supreme Court rules Georgia’s actions are illegal and that they Cherokee can stay

7. President Andrew Jackson
“Chief Justice John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it.”
President Andrew Jackson
What is the job of the Supreme Court?
What is the job of the President?
What should happen if a government official refuses to do his job?

8. Trail of Tears Georgia govt. smashes in Cherokee printing press
US troops move 18,000 Cherokee at gunpoint 800 miles from
25% of Cherokee died - most elderly and children

10.  starter activity
Slaves waiting for the auction to begin. Imagine you are one of the people waiting at auction. List the thoughts that are going through your mind. FIVE sentences…

11. Fighting Slavery in the U.S.

12. The Abolitionist Movement
Helped bring about the Civil War
Those who were against slavery
William Lloyd Garrison called for the immediate emancipation of enslaved persons

13. African American Abolitionists
Frederick Douglass
Escaped from slavery in Maryland
Published anti-slavery newspaper the North Star

14. Southerners Views Slavery was distinctive and vital to the South
South was still mostly agricultural
1831, slave rebellion left 50 white Virginians dead
Slave owners cracked down on slaves throughout the region

15. Missouri Causes a Mess
1819 the Union had 11 Free States and 11 Slave States
Northerners opposed extending slavery west
Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state

16. Maine to the Rescue
Congress fought over admitting Missouri into the Union
Then Maine applies for statehood as a free state
Congress allows Missouri and Maine to become states

17. Missouri Compromise
Settled the dispute over the western expansion of slavery
All future slave states must be south of Missouri

18. Compromise of 1850 1848 Gold is found in California
1849 the Gold Rush begins
1849 California applies for statehood
There were 15 free and 15 slave states at this time

19. Southerners dreaded losing power if CA was admitted as a free state
Some southerners talked about secession
Compromise
CA would be free
The rest of the newly acquired Mexican land would have no restrictions
Stronger laws to recover runaway slaves

20. Fugitive Slave Act
A slaveholder or slave catchers just had to point out an alleged runaway to have them taken into custody
The slave could not testify for himself

21. Underground Railroad
Informal but well-organized group of Abolitionists
Helped thousands of slaves escape north
Lead by Harriet Tubman, a runaway

22. Kansas-Nebraska Act Should land be free or slave?
Worried the southern states would succeed if they did not get another slave state
Nebraska was free
Kansas was slave

23. What were conditions like on the plantations?

24. How were slaves prepared for auction?
Washed with water
Rubbed with oil
Gunpowder, hot tar or rust rubbed into wounds
Teeth inspected
Brutal remedies
Two methods of sale – auction & scramble
What does this C19th poster tell us about the way slaves were treated by plantation owners?

25. What sort of lives did they lead?
Branded on face, chest or back
3-4 year-olds work in ‘trash gangs’ (weeding)
9-12 year-olds work in fields with adults
Elderly worked as domestic servants
No legal rights – forbidden to read, write, marry own property
Flogging & other punishments
How would you feel if you were branded with one of these irons?

26. Punishments
Rebellions – rebels nailed to ground, fire applied starting at the feet and moving upwards
Running away – neck ring or iron muzzle
Continued running away – removal of hand or foot
Flogging – one lash for each year of slave’s life
How old do you think this slave was? Average life expectancy was 26. Why do you think it was so low?

27. Working day
5:30 – go straight to field. Work until 8.00am. Latecomers whipped
8:00 – Stop work for breakfast: boiled yam & okra seasoned with salt & pepper
8:30 - Continue work
12:00 pm – Rest & lunch: salted meat or pickled fish
2:00pm – Start work again
6:00pm – Return to huts
Night time – During harvest, work in mill or boiling houses through night

28. Slaves v. Indians Slaves Native Americans
Limited Rights
Harsh Punishments
Could not read or write
Lived here first
No one can own land
Made deals with U.S. Government
Removed from home
Treated as lower class
Fought back
Compare how we treated Native American and Slaves at this point in history

29. Trail of Tears Assignment
Write a three entry diary about your experiences on the Trail of Tears and how your life was/will be affected by the move from Georgia to Oklahoma.
Entry One - Before you leave (court case)
Entry Two - On the Trail (struggles during the trip)
Entry Three - When you arrive in Indian Territory (how life has changed)
Detail earns points - cover emotion, fears, pain, successes with colorful adjectives and adverbs
Due next class