1. Imperialism and the Age of Empire

2. Imperialism
The European powers divided up Africa and Asia after 1880.

3. Reasons for Imperialism
1. Competition with other countries (ports and coaling stations for navies)
2. Nationalism (perceived weakness if a country didn’t participate)
3. Social Darwinism/Racism (only the strongest races survive)
4. Religious and Humanitarian
5. Economic: demand for natural resources and products (rubber, oil, tin)

4. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s Burden
The Hierarchy of Race

5. Social Darwinism Developed by Herbert Spencer
Argued that human society and institutions passed through the process of natural selection “survival of the fittest”
Social evolution implied progress
No governmental regulation because it would help the “unfit” survive and thereby impede progress

6. Canada
1867: British North America Act created the Dominion of Canada (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) Remained part of British Empire, but with a lot of control over self rule

7. Canada in 1867

8. Australia and New Zealand
1770: discovered by James Cook
Great Britain began transporting convicts and petty criminals to Australia
1901: formed the Commonwealth of Australia
New Zealand: 1907: self governing dominion in the British empire

9. Australia and New Zealand

10. South Africa
Boers (descendants from Dutch) settled Capetown as a stop over point in the 1650’s.
British invited settlers into Cape Colony
1835 Boers (Afrikaners) moved to the north of South Africa (Orange Free State and Transvaal) GREAT TREK

11. Great Trek

12. Great Trek

13. Boer War (1899-1902) Extremely cruel and brutal
Use of guerilla tactics by Boer Farmers
Britain with its superior technology won the war
1910: Union of South Africa was a blending of British and Boer republicx

14. Boer War

15. South Africa in 1910

16. Cecil Rhodes
British entrepreneur who founded diamond and gold companies.
Founded the territory named Rhodesia
One of his goals was to create a “Cape to Cairo” railroad
Rhodes scholarship

17. Cecil Rhodes

18. South African flags South Africa flag circa 1940
Current flag of South Africa

19. African Colonialism

20. The Scramble for Africa

21. White Man’s Burden

22. European players in Africa
Great Britain
France
Portugal
Germany
Spain
Italy
Belgium

23. Two countries in Africa remained free
Ethiopia
Liberia: set up as colony by free slaves

24. France
Direct rule with white French citizens as head of colonial administration
Wanted to incorporate and assimilate colonial peoples into a Greater French empire
Imposed French culture onto colonies (language, values, etc).

25. French Colonial Empire

26. Great Britain Indirect rule
Attempted to keep indigenous peoples to rule at the local level
Africans were appointed officials acted as middle managers between British colonial administrators and local ethnic groups

27. Sun never sets on British Empire

28. David Livingstone ( )
Scottish missionary who traveled throughout south east Africa
Popular national hero of Great Britain
Searched for source of the Nile River
First European to see Victoria Falls
One of the first westerners to travel across (east to west) Africa
Lost contact with outside world for six years
Opened up Africa for colonization

29. “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
British explorer Henry Stanley found David Livingston in 1871.

30. Congo King Leopold II established a personal kingdom in the Congo
Cared only about extraction of minerals and raw materials (rubber)
Cold blooded murder of indigenous peoples during rubber collection
Between 10 and 15 million Congolese died (most from smallpox and sleeping sickness)
International outcry forced the King to give up his colony to Belgium

31. Amputated Congolese

33. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad

34. Germany German SW Africa (Namibia0
Dr. Karl Peters secured German East Africa (Tanzania)
Germans were cruel to Africans
Herero massacre in SW Africa: one of the first genocides of the 20th century

35. Surviving Herero: Starvation and poisoning of wells: 50 to 70% of population killed

36. Herero chained

37. Von Trotha’s message to Herero
, the great general of the German troops, send this letter to the Herero people... All Hereros must leave this land... Any Herero found within the German borders with or without a gun, with or without cattle, will be shot. I shall no longer receive any women or children; I will drive them back to their people or have them fired upon. This is my decision for the Herero people.

38. Portugal
Angola
Mozambique

39. Imperialism in Asia

40. India Britain (India) 18th century
Britain East India Company became dominant power in India (economic motivations)
1857 Sepoy Mutiny (revolt of indigenous Indians) Mutiny suppressed
Control of India fell to the British government
1877: Queen Victoria received the title of Empress of India

41. British Improved sanitation and medical care Built roads and railroads
Constructed factories
Modernized the country

42. China
Chinese (Manchu Dynasty) closed ports to western powers, except Canton)
Opium Wars (1840’s) Great Britain and China

43. Treaty of Nanking Treaty between China and Great Britain
4 trading ports were open to British
Britain received Hong Kong

44. Other countries demands on China
1. right of Western nations to station their warships in China’s waters
2. right of Westerners to extraterritoriality (westerners could be tried in their own court system, not the Chinese)

45. Sino (China)-Japanese War
China lost
Western nations demanded more trade concessions

46. China vs. the West
Secret Chinese societies wanted to eliminate western influences from China
Boxer Rebellion (1899) “Righteous and Harmonious Fists”
Western troops needed to intervene to suppress revolt

47. Japan
Isolated from west until 1853 and the arrival of Matthew Perry with a fleet of U.S. naval ships

48. Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)
Trade treaty between U.S. and Japan

49. Meiji Period (1868-1912) “enlightened rule”
Japan transformed from a feudal society to industrial power
Japan became first industrial power of Asia

50. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
Japan defeated Russia (Western Power)
Treaty of Portsmouth (Teddy Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize)

51. SE Asia British: Ceylon Malaya, Burma, and Singapore Dutch: Indonesia
Culture system: 1/5 of land and 1/5 of time dedicated to growing crops for the Dutch
French: IndoChina (Vietnam and Laos)

52. Hottentot Venus

53. Impact of Imperialism Positives
Infrastructure: (roads, canals, railways)
Education: schools
Health Care: Improved sanitation and hospitals
Establishment of “modern” government
5) Brought civil order to region
6) Technology introduced to Africa
7) Introduction of Christianity

54. Imperialism Negatives: 1) extracted raw materials from Africa
2) pitted one ethnic group against another
3) abuse of indigenous peoples
4) indigenous culture negatively impacted
5) spreading of western diseases