2. Chapter 5

3. Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System Applied Learning Outcomes Use the terminology associated with the skeletal system Learn about the following: Skeleton structure Bone structure and types Bone function Bone tissue Bone development and growth Bone physiology Bone articulations Understand the aging and pathology of the skeletal system

4. Overview Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System Humans have an endoskeleton The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons The skeletal system provides movement, protection, and shape

5. The Human Skeletal System Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System The axial skeleton is composed of the spine, rib cage, and skull

6. The Human Skeletal System Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System The appendicular skeleton is composed of the upper and lower appendages, and the bones that girdle them to the axial skeleton Upper appendages: the shoulders, arms, wrists, and hands Lower appendages: the hips, legs, knees, ankles, and feet

7. Bone Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System Bone Types: Bones can be categorized by their shape and by their origin in the embryo Flat, Irregular, Short, or Long Endochronal, Dermal, Alveolar, Sesamoid, or Wormian

8. Bone Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System Human bone is primarily comprised of compact bone and spongy bone. Some bones have at their center a medullary cavity containing bone marrow.

9. Joints Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System Joints attach bones, provide support and protection, and allow for body movement. Joints are categorized by their structural classification and their functional classification.

10. Joints Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System Pivot Joints: elbow Gliding Joints: intervertebral Ball-and-Socket: shoulder, hip Saddle: thumb Condyloid: wrist Hinge: knee, ankle, humeroulnar

11. Human Bone Charts Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System Review the human skeleton, anterior view

12. Human Bone Charts Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System Review the human skeleton, posterior view

13. Bone Development and Healing Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System The process of bone development is called ossification. There are two types of ossification: endochronal and intramembranous. Bone healing occurs in stages: fracture, granulation, callus, lamellar bone, and normal contour.

14. Wellness and Illness over the Life Span Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System Most common bone and joint pathologies are related to atypical stress and strain. Other organ-system diseases cause inflammation of bones and joints. Other pathologies include degenerative disorders and diseases. During a person’s lifetime, bone is constantly degraded and replaced.

15. Summary The skeletal system works together with the muscular system to provide the body with support and movement. Bones are classified by their shape and origin. A certain amount of activity is needed to maintain the integrity of the skeletal system; however, too much activity can prematurely wear out its components. Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System