1. Canaries to the Caribbean (October 7, 1997)

2. Canaries to the Caribbean 1402-1506: Outline  Maritime expansion: Mediterranean, Africa, and the Atlantic  Arawak, native peoples of the Caribbean: Tainos and Caribs  Christopher Columbus (b. ca. 1451, d. 1506), Genoese  Columbus’s 4 voyages  Destruction of the Indies

3. Norse expansion in the North Atlantic (text and archaeological evidence): Bjarni Herjolfsson, 985-6 Icelander Torfinnr Karlsefni

4. Maritime expansion: Mediterranean, Africa, and the Atlantic  Mediterranean  ship construction, navigational innovations, trade and plantations  Atlantic  Madeira, Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Canaries (Castille: 1402, 1478, 1482, 1493)  Africa Portuguese, 1460: 1500 miles  “factories”: slaving, trading, gold, ivory, spices: Sao Jorge de Mina (1481, Ghana)

5. Martin Behaim’s world globe, 1492

6. Portuguese expansion: Cape Verde and SãoTome

7. The Virgin of the Mariners protects Mediterranean galleys as well as the Atlantic caravels that gather in Seville

8. Arawak, native peoples of the Caribbean: Tainos and Caribs  Tainos, agriculturalists: Northern islands, 200 BC -1200 AD.  Caribs, Lesser Antilles: foragers and fishers and fighters  Demographic destruction  Linguistic legacy:  barbacoa (barbecue), batata (sweet potato), cacique (chief), canoa, hamaca (hammock), maguey (cactus), maiz, etc.

9. Tainos, agriculturalists: Northern islands, 200 BC -1200 AD. Caribs, Lesser Antilles: foragers and fishers and fighters

10. Linguistic legacy: barbacoa (barbecue), batata (sweet potato), cacique (chief), canoa, hamaca (hammock), maguey (cactus), maiz, etc.

11. First European Images, 1493 (accompanying Columbus’s letter)

12. Christopher Columbus (b. ca. 1451, d. 1506), Genoese  The Genoese connection: “carriers of the commercial-maritime tradition”  Columbus’s sea-faring experience:  eastern Medit., Lisbon, Madeira, Sao Jorge de Mina (Ghana)  Theory: sail west 2,400 nautical miles to Japan (actually 4 times as far: 10,600)  First voyage: 3 Aug 92, 6 Sep (Canaries), Oct. 12 (Bahamas).

13. (virtual image from www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/ veroeffentlichungen/ld_p_ch96_vrml/ behaim.wrl) Martin Behaim’s world globe, 1492 Canaries Azores Azores Spain

14. Behaim placed Japan too close too Europe and too far from Asia Japan Japan

15. A schematic of Behaim’s globe: W. & C. Phillips The Worlds of Christopher Columbus

16. Canaries Santo Domingo

17. Columbus’s coat of arms. The capitulaciones: “discover and acquire islands and Mainlands in the Ocean Sea”

18. Columbus’s 4 voyages  1st Voyage, “Capitulaciones”: suspicion that unknown lands would be found  2nd, 1493: from exploration/trade to settlement (17 vessels, 1200 men--no women)  3rd, 1498-1500: encountered mainland (Orinoco River)  4th, 1502: disaster; 1506, death

19. Four voyages

20. Voyages 3 and 4 (detail)

21. Destruction of the Indies  Cycles of gold mining: Indians forced to pan gold  Encomienda: entrusting Indians to Spaniards to work and to convert  Slaving expeditions to other islands replenish labor  Destruction of the Indies: occurred before the first smallpox epidemic (1518)

22. Tainos panning gold

23. The Black Legend

24. Americas 1562

25. End