1. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas Human Factors Colin Brown

2. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas Human factors include : working environment working environment workload & fatigue workload & fatigue user interface / interaction / control user interface / interaction / control learnability learnability vigilance vigilance decision making decision making human error human error overall performance overall performance

3. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas For E-Navigation, we should also include : Physical ergonomics Physical ergonomics Based on physiological loads, posture, fields of view, body measurements, repetitive strain and other risks, etc., Cognitive ergonomics Cognitive ergonomics Based on aspects of mental work load, information processing, perception, cognition, attention, motor control, memory, training, etc.

4. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas Physical ergonomics

5. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas Cognitive Ergonomics How do you switch the pump on ?

6. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas Here ! ( With acknowledgements to Mike@baddesigns.com )Mike@baddesigns.com (Not a real button, just a touch pad !)

7. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas What might be the guiding principles for E-Navigation human factors design ? Will it be acceptable to navigators of all : Will it be acceptable to navigators of all :ages? educational standards ? cultures ? physical abilities? mental abilities? states of physical and mental health ? Will it give greater - or lesser - job satisfaction than at present ? Will it give greater - or lesser - job satisfaction than at present ? Will it be more efficient than current systems ? Will it be more efficient than current systems ? Will it result in a lower work load for navigators ? Will it result in a lower work load for navigators ? Will it be less stressful in critical situations ? Will it be less stressful in critical situations ? Might it result in more risks being taken ? Might it result in more risks being taken ?

8. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas What is the current situation ? The Australian (AMSA) E-Navigation workshop identified the following key points : The limited size of most ships crews present workload workflow problems The limited size of most ships crews present workload workflow problems Often, unlike aviation procedures, no independent check is made on navigation actions taken Often, unlike aviation procedures, no independent check is made on navigation actions taken Inappropriate use of, or over reliance on, electronic navigation devices has resulted in accidents Inappropriate use of, or over reliance on, electronic navigation devices has resulted in accidents Layers of redundancy in most navigational instruments are limited Layers of redundancy in most navigational instruments are limited There is a need for scalability to include smaller non-SOLAS vessels as new systems are developed There is a need for scalability to include smaller non-SOLAS vessels as new systems are developed Simulator training is increasingly important as on board systems become more complex Simulator training is increasingly important as on board systems become more complex

9. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas Parallel Factors : Representative mariners, including pilots, should be involved in the development of the e-navigation concept, its hardware and its software Representative mariners, including pilots, should be involved in the development of the e-navigation concept, its hardware and its software The involvement of recreational sailors and fishermen will be necessary for efficient scalability The involvement of recreational sailors and fishermen will be necessary for efficient scalability Inevitably there will be a considerable period of time when systems fitted to vessels in UK waters will be very varied Inevitably there will be a considerable period of time when systems fitted to vessels in UK waters will be very varied E-navigation should not remove the basic skills of navigators or the satisfaction of seafaring E-navigation should not remove the basic skills of navigators or the satisfaction of seafaring Facets of e-navigation which remove human actions in a process- i.e. automation – should bear the foregoing in mind Facets of e-navigation which remove human actions in a process- i.e. automation – should bear the foregoing in mind Navigators perform other duties whilst on the bridge, e.g. Navigators perform other duties whilst on the bridge, e.g. fire alarm, cargo and stability monitoring, etc. System design should take this into account.

10. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas Certification and Training Training may differ from that specified in STCW 95 Training may differ from that specified in STCW 95 There will be a requirement for standardised and international training syllabuses There will be a requirement for standardised and international training syllabuses Use of English on board may require standards similar to aviation. Use of English on board may require standards similar to aviation. Standards which satisfy the standards of a particular administration may not be universally acceptable Standards which satisfy the standards of a particular administration may not be universally acceptable IMO White List of approved administrations may need to be amended IMO White List of approved administrations may need to be amended Revalidation of certificates may require formal updating and retraining Revalidation of certificates may require formal updating and retraining Instrument training similar to that undertaken for civil aviation may be necessary Instrument training similar to that undertaken for civil aviation may be necessary What training and experience will be required for VTS operators: What training and experience will be required for VTS operators: Seagoing experience for those offering proactive advice? Seagoing experience for those offering proactive advice? IMO approved VTS qualifications ? IMO approved VTS qualifications ?

11. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas What are other potential limitations to the E-Navigation concept ? The majority of commercial vessels in UK waters at any time are under foreign flags and are manned by seafarers with a variety of foreign languages and certificates of competency. What problems could this produce ? What level of agreement on e-navigation implementation will be reached by ship-owners internationally ? Might there be a resistance to change from older or less educated mariners of all nationalities concerned about their jobs ? etc., etc., etc..

12. safer lives, safer ships, cleaner seas Human factors topic discussion by all delegates