1. GNSS Denial and Astro Navigation

2. Causes of GNSS Denial GNSS aerial damage or other defects Accidental Interference Hostile Jamming and Spoofing Loss or damage to the GNSS satellites Loss or damage to one or more satellite Ground Tracking Stations Sunspots, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and Geomagnetic Storms

3. Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) – June 2011 (NASA)

4. GNSS Denial - Countermeasures Coastal or Pilotage Waters Oceanic Waters IMO – Compliant ECDIS ECDIS Reversionary Mode (if available) WECDIS NATO STANAG 4564 Edition 2 Astro Training

5. GNSS Denial and Astro Navigation: The Objectives Convince mariners that GNSS is vulnerable Convince mariners they should have a realistic alternative oceanic means of establishing their position – Astro! Encourage and inform mariners about the existence and capability of UKHO’s NAVPAC software

8. GNSS Denial and Astro Navigation: The Objectives Convince mariners that GNSS is vulnerable Convince mariners they should have a realistic alternative oceanic means of establishing their position – Astro! Encourage and inform mariners about the existence and capability of UKHO’s NAVPAC software

9. Hearts-and-Minds Campaign Advertise GNSS Denial vulnerability Promote and advertise NAVPAC from UKHO - in the context of ‘GNSS Denial’ Regulatory bodies endorse and recommend NAVPAC to all nautical colleges and shipping companies Encourage keeping-up personal astro and ECDIS / WECDIS ‘reversionary method’ skills as part of on- going professional development and training

10. SUMMARY - Causes of GNSS Denial GNSS aerial damage or other defects Accidental Interference Hostile Jamming and Spoofing Loss or damage to the GNSS satellites Loss or damage to one or more satellite Ground Tracking Stations Solar CME activity

11. SUMMARY GNSS Denial and Astro Navigation -1: The Objectives Convince mariners that GNSS is vulnerable Convince mariners they should have a realistic alternative oceanic means of establishing their position – Astro! Encourage and inform mariners about the existence and capability of UKHO’s NAVPAC software

12. SUMMARY GNSS Denial and Astro Navigation – 2: The ‘Heart-and-Minds’ Methods Advertise GNSS Denial vulnerability Promote and advertise NAVPAC from UKHO - in the context of ‘GNSS Denial’ Regulatory bodies endorse and recommend NAVPAC to all nautical colleges and shipping companies Encourage keeping-up personal astro and ECDIS / WECDIS ‘reversionary method’ skills as part of on- going professional development and training

13. GNSS Denial and Astro Navigation