1. Relationship orientated cultures
LSS 2503 Types of cultures
Relationship orientated cultures

2. LSS 2503 Universalist v Particularist cultures
In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established which can be applied to everybody on any given situation.
Example: UK

3. LSS 2503
In the particularist culture relationships and circumstances in any given situation decide what is right. The spirit of the law is more important than the letter of the law.
Example: China

4. LSS 2503 Achievement v Ascription cultures
Achievement oriented cultures
Individuals get their status from what they have achieved themselves rather than their position in society
Examples: Austria, Switzerland, UK

5. LSS 2503 Ascription orientated cultures
People get their status from their position in society and this is linked to family name, connections, wealth, and age.
Examples: Indonesia, Venezuela

6. LSS 2503 Affective cultures and Neutral cultures Affective cultures
Openly express their emotions
Use physical gestures
Encourage physical contact
Focus on the person, not their position
Example: Italians

7. LSS 2503 Neutral cultures Do not show emotions Avoid physical contact
Difficult to read
Try and remain calm
‘Position’ of a person most important, not the person themselves
Example: Japanese

8. Individualism versus collectivism
LSS 2503
Individualism versus collectivism
Individualism is a culture where the individual is the basis of society: individual rights are valued above the collective rights of a group
Example: USA

9. LSS 2503 Individualism versus collectivism
Collectivism is a culture where the ‘group’ is the basis of the society: collective rights of the whole group are more important than individual rights.
Example: The USSR

10. LSS 2503
Specific and diffuse cultures Specific and diffuse cultures measure how far people get involved with public and private places

11. LSS 2503
Specific cultures
Individuals are open to sharing their public space but guard carefully their private space. Public and private lives are kept separate as much as possible.
Examples: Austria, Switzerland, UK, USA

12. LSS 2503
Diffuse cultures Individuals guard their public and private lives carefully as the two are often closely related. Examples: China, Spain, Venezuela

13. LSS 2503
Time Oriented Cultures Monochronic v Polychronic cultures Monochronic cultures On thing is done at a time in an orderly fashion. There is a time and place for everything and interruptions are not well – received. Example: Germany

14. LSS 2503
Polychronic Cultures Multiple tasks can be done at the same time. A meeting can have an open door with phones ringing at the same time. Interruptions are not a problem. Example: France

15. LSS 2503 Polychronic cultures Monochronic cultures
Schedules more important than interpersonal relations
Appointment time inflexible
One task at a time
Examples: Germany, Switzerland
Polychronic cultures
Interpersonal relations more important than schedules
Appointment times flexible
Many tasks handled at same time
Examples: Latin America, Arab culture

16. LSS 2503
Time oriented cultures
Past
Present
Future

17. LSS 2503 Time oriented cultures
Past oriented societies are concerned with traditional values and ways of doing things. They are slow to change anything with links to the past.
Examples: China, the UK and Japan

18. LSS 2503 Time oriented cultures
Present oriented societies prefer to live in the present with short-term benefits. The past has gone and the future is uncertain.
Examples can be found in Latin America and some African countries

19. LSS 2503 Time oriented cultures
Future oriented societies believe they can understand and shape the future. They look for long-term benefits.
Examples: Brazil, USA

20. LSS 2503 Communication oriented cultures
Human interaction can be divided into two communication systems:
Low context
High context

21. LSS 2503
Low context
In low context communication systems intention or meaning is best expressed
through clear messages ( spoken or written)

22. LSS 2503
High context
In high context communication systems intention or meaning is best expressed through the context and non-verbal channels such as pauses, silence, and tone of voice.

23. LSS 2503 Low context High context Individual values v Group values
Self-face concerns v Mutual –face
Linear logic v Spiral logic
Direct style v Indirect style
Person-oriented v Status oriented
Self-enhancement v Self- effacement
Speaker oriented v Listener oriented
Verbal based v Context based