1. Women and Politics in Latin America

2. Major Influences on L.A. Women’s Lives 1.Gender definitions --machísmo – cultural norm characterized by sexist attitudes and behavior and masculine bravado --marianísmo – cultural norm that ideal of womanhood is self- abnegating motherhood 2. Catholic Church

3. First Wave of Women’s Movement, 1890-1940 Period of Political “Modernization” Influx of European immigrants to S. Cone Movement of upper and middle class women Emphasis on “women’s different mission” and social reform

4. Women’s Suffrage in Latin America Not a top priority of most women’s movements in Latin America No consistent pattern for achievement of women’s franchise

5. Women in Executive Branch Presidency – 3 female presidents in Latin American history 1 elected to office 2 assumed office after husbands died in office – “Widow Track”

6. Vice Presidency 3 Vice Presidents, all during 1990s Cabinet Ministers Tend to serve in cabinet posts associated with women’s traditional roles Women’s presence is higher at lower levels of bureaucracy

7. Judicial Branch Women’s presence higher at lower levels within judiciary

8. Legislative Branch Women’s numbers are low, but on the rise Women legislators more likely to be from leftist parties Women more likely to be elected from areas outside of capital cities

9. Why such low participation of women in institutional politics? 1.Challenge of fulfilling roles of wife/mother and politician 2.Clash between gender expectations and political expectations 3.Lower social and economic status of women 4.Discrimination within political parties

10. Why should we care about women’s representation in politics? 1.Descriptive Representation Theory – all groups deserve to be represented; strengthens legitimacy of government 2.Substantive Representation Theory – belief that with increase in number of women legislators, policy outcomes likely to be different (women have different political interests and beliefs from men)

11. How to help women gain access to power – and more quickly? 1.Improve women’s educational opportunities, promote women’s education through development programs (long-term strategy) 2.Electoral quotas (quicker fix) --National quota laws --Internal quota rules by parties

12. 2 nd Wave of Feminism, 1980s- present Military Regimes – h.r. violations, cuts in social services

13. Revolutionary Conflict in Central America

14. UN International Women’s Year (1975) and UN Decade of the Woman (1975-85)

15. Characteristics of Latin American Feminism Connection between political oppression by military and gender oppression by men Primacy of class and economic issues in feminist agenda Primacy of race in feminist agenda

16. Challenges within LA feminism Tension between motherhood as identity v. gender identity Tension between privileging class/race or gender Tension between militantes and feministas (double militancy v. autonomy)