1. Gram Positive Staphylococci – (Note the purple, spherically- shaped, clustered cells)

2. Gram Negative Bacilli – (Note the pink, rod-shaped cells)

3. Acid-Fast staining: Below is a mixed culture of acid fast bacteria (red; such as the Mycobacteria, B) and non-acid-fast bacteria (blue, A)

4. Spore staining: Spores are stained blue (B); vegetative cells are stained red (A). Photo: Courtesy of Western Michigan University

5. Ex. 5-13 – Casein hydrolysis on Milk agar Photo: Courtesy of Austin Community College

6. Ex. 5-11 - Starch Hydrolysis Photo: Courtesy of Austin Community College

7. Phenylethylalcohol (PEA): Is this media selective or differential? Why? A= Staphlylococcus aureus B= Escherichia coli C= S. aureus + E. coli

8. Gelatin Hydrolysis: Some bacteria have enzymes which breakdown the gelatin (which is protein) to amino acids; as indicated by liquefaction in test tube B. Remember: Besides the fact that most bacteria are unable to digest agar, agar is superior to gelatin because it remains solid well above room temperature (~25°C). Whereas gelatin begins to melt around 25°C.

9. MacConkey Agar: Selective: inhibits growth of Gram positive bacteria. Differential: distinguishes between lactose fermenters and non-fermenters. Escherichia coli is growing on the right plate. It is Gram negative, ferments lactose, and produces a red coloration on and around its growth. Salmonella typhimurium is growing on the left plate. It is Gram negative, does not ferment lactose, and is colorless. What is a coliform bacterium? What ingredient makes MacConkey agar selective? What is the pH indicator in this media? What does it do? Photos: Courtesy of Austin Community College

10. Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar: Lactose fermenters produce colored colonies on EMB and non-lactose fermenters produce colorless colonies (see lab book photos). The green metallic sheen shown on the plate below is characteristic of Escherichia coli. Is EMB a selective or differential media? What are the dyes in EMB? Photo: courtesy of Dr. Kaiser

11. Mannitol Salt Agar: 1. Staphlylococcus aureus 2. Staphylococcus epidermidis (there is growth, but its not visible). Why does S. aureus produce a yellow color? Why doesn’t S. epidermidis produce a yellow color? Is MSA selective or differential? What media components make it selective and/or differential? Photo: Courtesy of Austin Community College

12. Blood Agar Gamma Hemolysis: No destruction of red blood cells Is blood agar selective, differential or enriched? Photo: Courtesy of Dr. Kaiser, C.C. of Baltimore County

13. Blood Agar Alpha Hemolysis: Partial destruction of red blood cells. Indicated by the greenish coloration of the media around the bacterial growth. Photo: Courtesy of Dr. Kaiser, C.C. of Baltimore County

14. Blood Agar Beta Hemolysis: Complete destruction of red blood cells. Indicated by the clear area around the bacterial growth. Photo: Courtesy of Dr. Kaiser, C.C. of Baltimore County