1. Problem, Process and Solution

2. Problem-Solution Argumentative/Evaluative Your position – questioning & perceptive

3. Suggested parts of a Problem- Solution Text Situation – background information Problem – lack of data, question method, inadequacies Solution – how to get more data, improve method, overcome inadequacies Evaluation – Assessment of the merits of the proposed answer

4. Will your text be a problem- solution? HMMs (Hidden Markov Models) are commonly used in speech recognition algorithms. They have also been successfully utilized in many other bioinformatics problems. However, to our knowledge, there is no prior work that uses HMMs for inferring gene regulation. This remains as a significant avenue of research yet to be explored. We are hoping to be the first group to achieve this.

5. Often begin by reviewing the current state of knowledge which allows the author to raise questions and offer answers.

6. Midposition Adverbs “to our knowledge, there is no prior work that uses” “published”, “to do/carry out research”, yet currently, to date, hitherto, as of yet, study, investigate Task 2 – p. 86

7. Role of Process Often necessary to describe a process – Does your text/will your text describe a process? What is it?

8. Passive Voice When/why do we use the passive Identifying “human” agents is unusual May find – by + process or by + non-human agent –The chances of finding oil are often estimated by seismic survey Write a similar sentence using concepts from your field

9. Flow Write a list of words used to introduce stages in a sequence eg. Firstly, secondly, thirdly

10. after (a while) afterwards at first at last at (the same time) while first, second, third... thereafter concurrently soon then (up to) (then) later somewhat earlier shortly over the next (2 days) as long as last as soon as before (that time) finally in the end meanwhile next immediately next firstly, secondly, thirdly... in the future subsequently at that time since (then) so far

11. Ambiguity caused by combining verbs The liquid is collected and kept for 24 hours The sample is collected and stored in a sterile container In consumer research, individuals are selected and interviewed by telephone

12. Combining Active/Passive Voice Task 8 – page 98

13. When “active” is used When agent is important (even human) –Einstein developed the theory of relativity When agent is non-human (but not always) –The sun rises in the East –When the coral is stressed, the coral releases the algae. If the verb indicates a change of state –The metal expanded because of the increase in temperature

14. Task 11 page 104

15. Task 12 page 105

16. Task 14

17. Task 15 Indirect Questions