1. 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 NATO UNCLASSIFIED 1 TETRA for Military Communications Dr Michael Street MIEE CEng Applied CIS Technology Branch CIS Division NATO Command, Control & Consultation Agency

2. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 2 IntroductionIntroduction NATONATO NATO C3 AgencyNATO C3 Agency Military use of civil P(A)MR technologyMilitary use of civil P(A)MR technology Trials – evaluation and assessmentTrials – evaluation and assessment Military contribution to civil technology and standardsMilitary contribution to civil technology and standards Interoperability through standardisationInteroperability through standardisation NATONATO NATO C3 AgencyNATO C3 Agency Military use of civil P(A)MR technologyMilitary use of civil P(A)MR technology Trials – evaluation and assessmentTrials – evaluation and assessment Military contribution to civil technology and standardsMilitary contribution to civil technology and standards Interoperability through standardisationInteroperability through standardisation

3. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 3 NATONATO NATO - 19 nationsNATO - 19 nations The fundamental role of NATO is to safeguard the freedom and security of its member countries. It is one of the foundations on which the stability and security of the Euro-Atlantic area depends and it serves as an essential forum for transatlantic consultations on matters affecting the vital security interests of all its members. Its first task is to deter and defend against any threat of aggression against any of them.The fundamental role of NATO is to safeguard the freedom and security of its member countries. It is one of the foundations on which the stability and security of the Euro-Atlantic area depends and it serves as an essential forum for transatlantic consultations on matters affecting the vital security interests of all its members. Its first task is to deter and defend against any threat of aggression against any of them. In order to improve security and stability in the area, the North Atlantic Alliance also plays a key role in the field of crisis management, by contributing to effective conflict prevention and, in the event of a crisis, by taking appropriate action to resolve the crisis when there is consensus among the member countries to do so.In order to improve security and stability in the area, the North Atlantic Alliance also plays a key role in the field of crisis management, by contributing to effective conflict prevention and, in the event of a crisis, by taking appropriate action to resolve the crisis when there is consensus among the member countries to do so.www.nato.int NATO - 19 nationsNATO - 19 nations The fundamental role of NATO is to safeguard the freedom and security of its member countries. It is one of the foundations on which the stability and security of the Euro-Atlantic area depends and it serves as an essential forum for transatlantic consultations on matters affecting the vital security interests of all its members. Its first task is to deter and defend against any threat of aggression against any of them.The fundamental role of NATO is to safeguard the freedom and security of its member countries. It is one of the foundations on which the stability and security of the Euro-Atlantic area depends and it serves as an essential forum for transatlantic consultations on matters affecting the vital security interests of all its members. Its first task is to deter and defend against any threat of aggression against any of them. In order to improve security and stability in the area, the North Atlantic Alliance also plays a key role in the field of crisis management, by contributing to effective conflict prevention and, in the event of a crisis, by taking appropriate action to resolve the crisis when there is consensus among the member countries to do so.In order to improve security and stability in the area, the North Atlantic Alliance also plays a key role in the field of crisis management, by contributing to effective conflict prevention and, in the event of a crisis, by taking appropriate action to resolve the crisis when there is consensus among the member countries to do so.www.nato.int

4. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 4 NATO’s Three Dimensions First and Second dimensions of NATOFirst and Second dimensions of NATO “The fundamental roles of NATO have always been concerned with security cooperation between member countries and, in more recent years, with Partner countries, in the political and defence fields. These have therefore been regarded as the first and second "dimensions" of the Alliance.”“The fundamental roles of NATO have always been concerned with security cooperation between member countries and, in more recent years, with Partner countries, in the political and defence fields. These have therefore been regarded as the first and second "dimensions" of the Alliance.” Third dimensionThird dimension Scientific and environmental co-operationScientific and environmental co-operation Responding to civil emergenciesResponding to civil emergencies First and Second dimensions of NATOFirst and Second dimensions of NATO “The fundamental roles of NATO have always been concerned with security cooperation between member countries and, in more recent years, with Partner countries, in the political and defence fields. These have therefore been regarded as the first and second "dimensions" of the Alliance.”“The fundamental roles of NATO have always been concerned with security cooperation between member countries and, in more recent years, with Partner countries, in the political and defence fields. These have therefore been regarded as the first and second "dimensions" of the Alliance.” Third dimensionThird dimension Scientific and environmental co-operationScientific and environmental co-operation Responding to civil emergenciesResponding to civil emergencies

5. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 5 Military use of Civil P(A)MR What trails have the military done with TETRA ?What trails have the military done with TETRA ? BiH trialBiH trial PropagationPropagation Does TETRA Security meet military requirements ?Does TETRA Security meet military requirements ? Effect of frequency allocation on military use of TETRA ?Effect of frequency allocation on military use of TETRA ? InteroperabilityInteroperability Voice codersVoice coders What trails have the military done with TETRA ?What trails have the military done with TETRA ? BiH trialBiH trial PropagationPropagation Does TETRA Security meet military requirements ?Does TETRA Security meet military requirements ? Effect of frequency allocation on military use of TETRA ?Effect of frequency allocation on military use of TETRA ? InteroperabilityInteroperability Voice codersVoice coders

6. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 6 TETRA - Military Services; Civil Standard  Developed for Public Safety & Security with C 3 features TETRA services  Combat Net Radio featuresTETRA services  Combat Net Radio features has many large, security conscious user groupshas many large, security conscious user groups –Large user groups -- COTS equipment SpectrumSpectrum Operates in Military UHF bandOperates in Military UHF band Spectrum efficientSpectrum efficient –Military UHF allocation is mainly 25kHz  Developed for Public Safety & Security with C 3 features TETRA services  Combat Net Radio featuresTETRA services  Combat Net Radio features has many large, security conscious user groupshas many large, security conscious user groups –Large user groups -- COTS equipment SpectrumSpectrum Operates in Military UHF bandOperates in Military UHF band Spectrum efficientSpectrum efficient –Military UHF allocation is mainly 25kHz

7. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 7 NC3A TETRA Evaluation System System procured in 1999System procured in 1999 Used for evaluation of TETRA servicesUsed for evaluation of TETRA services Platform for testing of data applicationsPlatform for testing of data applications Interconnection and Interoperability experienceInterconnection and Interoperability experience Early interoperability trials e.g. TETRA to Military tactical radio systemsEarly interoperability trials e.g. TETRA to Military tactical radio systems System procured in 1999System procured in 1999 Used for evaluation of TETRA servicesUsed for evaluation of TETRA services Platform for testing of data applicationsPlatform for testing of data applications Interconnection and Interoperability experienceInterconnection and Interoperability experience Early interoperability trials e.g. TETRA to Military tactical radio systemsEarly interoperability trials e.g. TETRA to Military tactical radio systems

8. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 8 TETRA on Exercises Combined EndeavourCombined Endeavour Strong ResolveStrong Resolve Used to establish comms infrastructure for exerciseUsed to establish comms infrastructure for exercise SFOR trial, Banja LukaSFOR trial, Banja Luka 2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade, UK2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade, UK JWID 2001JWID 2001 Combined EndeavourCombined Endeavour Strong ResolveStrong Resolve Used to establish comms infrastructure for exerciseUsed to establish comms infrastructure for exercise SFOR trial, Banja LukaSFOR trial, Banja Luka 2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade, UK2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade, UK JWID 2001JWID 2001 NC3A TETRA system used on exercises and trials

9. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 9 NC3A Trial Results Easy to deployEasy to deploy Setup time approx 15 minsSetup time approx 15 mins Easy to useEasy to use Users like it, minimal training timeUsers like it, minimal training time Basic services meet users needsBasic services meet users needs Group calls, low rate data etcGroup calls, low rate data etc DMO used during road moveDMO used during road move Range governed by terrainRange governed by terrain Limitation is laws of physics, not technologyLimitation is laws of physics, not technology Easy to deployEasy to deploy Setup time approx 15 minsSetup time approx 15 mins Easy to useEasy to use Users like it, minimal training timeUsers like it, minimal training time Basic services meet users needsBasic services meet users needs Group calls, low rate data etcGroup calls, low rate data etc DMO used during road moveDMO used during road move Range governed by terrainRange governed by terrain Limitation is laws of physics, not technologyLimitation is laws of physics, not technology

10. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 10 Range and Propagation Conducted propagation prediction in advance of trialConducted propagation prediction in advance of trial Measurements taken during trial correlated with predictionMeasurements taken during trial correlated with prediction Conducted propagation prediction in advance of trialConducted propagation prediction in advance of trial Measurements taken during trial correlated with predictionMeasurements taken during trial correlated with prediction

11. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 11 Position Reporting GPS equipped mobile terminals in vehiclesGPS equipped mobile terminals in vehicles Position sent via TETRA SDSPosition sent via TETRA SDS NC3A developed “Black box” to covert position format for military applicationsNC3A developed “Black box” to covert position format for military applications GPS equipped mobile terminals in vehiclesGPS equipped mobile terminals in vehicles Position sent via TETRA SDSPosition sent via TETRA SDS NC3A developed “Black box” to covert position format for military applicationsNC3A developed “Black box” to covert position format for military applications

12. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 12 Military - Civil Interface Interface between COTS TETRA network and military networkInterface between COTS TETRA network and military network PC running LinuxPC running Linux NC3A developed interface softwareNC3A developed interface software Converts GPS to OTH/Gold format for MCISConverts GPS to OTH/Gold format for MCIS Interface between COTS TETRA network and military networkInterface between COTS TETRA network and military network PC running LinuxPC running Linux NC3A developed interface softwareNC3A developed interface software Converts GPS to OTH/Gold format for MCISConverts GPS to OTH/Gold format for MCIS

13. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 13 Deployable TETRA System Configuration HiCom Digital PABX Command & Control System Base Station and Switch System Management COP, Web, E-Mail, Clients COP, Web, E-mail App Servers Data Interface Mobile Radio Handheld Voice Users Access Router Portable Data Users ISDN AVLS Gateway MCCIS Mobile with GPS

14. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 14 Secure Voice Communications Security is an issue for commercial, public safety and military usersSecurity is an issue for commercial, public safety and military users Military and public safety users require similar secure speech servicesMilitary and public safety users require similar secure speech services Provide security against disruption - eavesdropping, spoofing and denial of serviceProvide security against disruption - eavesdropping, spoofing and denial of service Security is an issue for commercial, public safety and military usersSecurity is an issue for commercial, public safety and military users Military and public safety users require similar secure speech servicesMilitary and public safety users require similar secure speech services Provide security against disruption - eavesdropping, spoofing and denial of serviceProvide security against disruption - eavesdropping, spoofing and denial of service Air interface and end-to-end encryptionAir interface and end-to-end encryption AuthenticationAuthentication Key managementKey management Air interface and end-to-end encryptionAir interface and end-to-end encryption AuthenticationAuthentication Key managementKey management Users still want interoperability - securelyUsers still want interoperability - securely

15. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 15 TETRA Security and Fraud Prevention Group Guidance on implementing interoperable end-to-end encryption within ETSI Standards Prepared with public safety, commercial & military input Courtesy of D Parkinson, BT Exact SFPG Rec 02 gives guidance within the standardsSFPG Rec 02 gives guidance within the standards Choice of algorithms up to usersChoice of algorithms up to users Support for TETRA Release 2 (additional vocoders)Support for TETRA Release 2 (additional vocoders) SFPG Security MasterclassSFPG Security Masterclass SFPG Rec 02 gives guidance within the standardsSFPG Rec 02 gives guidance within the standards Choice of algorithms up to usersChoice of algorithms up to users Support for TETRA Release 2 (additional vocoders)Support for TETRA Release 2 (additional vocoders) SFPG Security MasterclassSFPG Security Masterclass

16. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 16 ETSI Standards and SFPG Recommendations ETSI standards give flexibility on how to implement End to end encryptionETSI standards give flexibility on how to implement End to end encryption SFPG Rec 02 gives guidance within the standardsSFPG Rec 02 gives guidance within the standards Choice of algorithms up to usersChoice of algorithms up to users Support for TETRA Release 2 (additional vocoders)Support for TETRA Release 2 (additional vocoders) ETSI standards give flexibility on how to implement End to end encryptionETSI standards give flexibility on how to implement End to end encryption SFPG Rec 02 gives guidance within the standardsSFPG Rec 02 gives guidance within the standards Choice of algorithms up to usersChoice of algorithms up to users Support for TETRA Release 2 (additional vocoders)Support for TETRA Release 2 (additional vocoders) TETRA Standards End to End Encryption SFPG Recommendation 02 Algorithm Vocoder Commercial or national (public safety or military) algorithm Vocoder (TETRA ACELP, AMR or MELPe)

17. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 17 End to End Security End-to-end Secure TETRA terminals on trial by NC3A / SFOR / BRITFOREnd-to-end Secure TETRA terminals on trial by NC3A / SFOR / BRITFOR SFPG Rec 02 v3SFPG Rec 02 v3 Support for AESSupport for AES Advanced Encryption StandardAdvanced Encryption Standard NSA competition, 128 bitNSA competition, 128 bit SFPG Rec 02 can support additional voice codecsSFPG Rec 02 can support additional voice codecs Approval for military useApproval for military use Needs approval by the same bodies who approve Public Safety securityNeeds approval by the same bodies who approve Public Safety security End-to-end Secure TETRA terminals on trial by NC3A / SFOR / BRITFOREnd-to-end Secure TETRA terminals on trial by NC3A / SFOR / BRITFOR SFPG Rec 02 v3SFPG Rec 02 v3 Support for AESSupport for AES Advanced Encryption StandardAdvanced Encryption Standard NSA competition, 128 bitNSA competition, 128 bit SFPG Rec 02 can support additional voice codecsSFPG Rec 02 can support additional voice codecs Approval for military useApproval for military use Needs approval by the same bodies who approve Public Safety securityNeeds approval by the same bodies who approve Public Safety security Courtesy of THALES

18. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 18 NATO Voice Coder TETRA release 2 requested additional voice codecs - 3G AMR plus …. “new voice coders utilising the latest low bit-rate technology”

19. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 19 NATO Voice Coder Stanag 4591 ConsCons Frame length is 22.5 ms,Frame length is 22.5 ms, –Not a convenient size for TETRA IPRIPR Other informationOther information 1200 bps mode – not relevant to TETRA1200 bps mode – not relevant to TETRA –Benefits too small –Costs too great ConsCons Frame length is 22.5 ms,Frame length is 22.5 ms, –Not a convenient size for TETRA IPRIPR Other informationOther information 1200 bps mode – not relevant to TETRA1200 bps mode – not relevant to TETRA –Benefits too small –Costs too great ProsPros Low data rate - 2400 bpsLow data rate - 2400 bps Performance comparable to TETRA 1Performance comparable to TETRA 1 Suppression of background noiseSuppression of background noise Developed for high noise environmentsDeveloped for high noise environments Interoperable with other systemsInteroperable with other systems –Many military and some government systems use voice coder IPR freeIPR free ProsPros Low data rate - 2400 bpsLow data rate - 2400 bps Performance comparable to TETRA 1Performance comparable to TETRA 1 Suppression of background noiseSuppression of background noise Developed for high noise environmentsDeveloped for high noise environments Interoperable with other systemsInteroperable with other systems –Many military and some government systems use voice coder IPR freeIPR free

20. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 20 The New NATO Voice Coder: Tested in a wide range of environments HMMWV Bradley Fighting Vehicle LeClerc Tank Automobile Quiet Modern Office Gaussian noise MCE field shelter Blackhawk helicopter Mirage 2000 F-15.. and in English, French, German, Dutch, Polish and Turkish

21. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 21 Selecting the new NATO Voice Coder Over 28,000 filesOver 28,000 files Over 13 GB of processed speech dataOver 13 GB of processed speech data Over 200 hours of speechOver 200 hours of speech Over 28,000 filesOver 28,000 files Over 13 GB of processed speech dataOver 13 GB of processed speech data Over 200 hours of speechOver 200 hours of speech 3 test labs x   5 tests x  12 noise conditions x 9 coders (+ 8 MNRU levels) x   88 files per test

22. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 22 Military vs Civil Vocoders Female speaker Military voice coder (STANAG 4591) offers comparable or improved performance over voice coders used in existing COTS PMR systems. Throughput requirements are much reduced. Designed to work in noisy environments.

23. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 23 Further information on STANAG 4591 Stanag 4591 test and selection process Street MD and Collura JS, “The test and selection of the future NATO narrow band voice coder”, RCMCIS - NATO Regional Conference on Military CIS, Warsaw, Zegrze, October 2001. Street MD, “Selection of the future NATO narrow band voice coder”, NC3A Technical Notes 881 & 912. http://nc3a.info/Voice MELPe: the selected voice coder Collura JS and Rahikka DJ, “Interoperable secure voice communications in tactical systems, IEE coll. on Speech coding algorithms for radio channels, London, February 2000. An overview of the MELP voice coder and its use in military environments http://www.iee.org/OnComms/pn/communications Collura JS, Rahikka DJ, Fuja TE, Sridhara D and Fazel T, “Error coding strategies for MELP vocoder in wireless and ATM environments”, IEE coll. on Speech coding algorithms for radio channels, London, February 2000. Performance of MELP with a variety of different error correction mechanisms http://www.iee.org/OnComms/pn/communications NC3A’s STANAG 4591 Server http://s4591.nc3a.nato.int

24. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 24 MoU on common frequency allocation has been signed by most European countries Some nations sharing allocation and responsibility for public safety and commercial use - operational benefits Could share military and civil allocations - operational benefits, political risks Public Safety & Security Currently Reserved NATO Military 380390400383385395393 Frequency Allocation in Europe

25. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 th November 2002TETRA World Congress 2002 25 Does TETRA meet military requirements ? Services Services  Applications Applications  Ease of deployment Ease of deployment  Interoperability Interoperability  Security Security  Services Services  Applications Applications  Ease of deployment Ease of deployment  Interoperability Interoperability  Security Security 