1. Unit #2: Everything You Wanted To Know About Verbs But Were Afraid To Ask

2. Chapter 3: The Logic of the Seemingly Illogical English Verb

3. The Five Verb Forms base form (present tense): Laugh, eat - s form (present, 3 rd person, singular): laughs, eats - ed form (past tense): laughed, ate - ing form (present participle): laughing, eating - en form (past participle): laughed, eaten

4. Auxiliary-Verb Combinations Auxiliaries: helping verbs The grammar teacher has eaten the donuts as bribery. The cholesterol will be clogging his arteries.

5. Verb-Expansion Rule: Predicating Verb AuxiliaryMain Verb T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV

6. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV

7. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past

8. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to

9. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Modals affect mood: Indicative, Conditional, and Subjunctive,

10. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Ex: I have hidden the gravy from you.

11. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Ex: I have hidden the gravy from you.

12. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Ex: I should have hidden the gravy from you.

13. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Ex: I should have been hiding the gravy from you.

14. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Ex: I will now be hiding the gravy from you.

15. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Now let’s practice some more, Daquan.

16. Verb Tenses: pres + understand

17. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present)

18. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep

19. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep am sleeping (Present Progressive)

20. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep am sleeping (Present Progressive) past + take

21. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep am sleeping (Present Progressive) past + take took (Simple Past)

22. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep am sleeping (Present Progressive) past + take took (Simple Past) past + be + -ing + cry

23. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep am sleeping (Present Progressive) past + take took (Simple Past) past + be + -ing + cry was crying (Past Progressive)

24. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go

25. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go have gone (Present Perfect)

26. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go have gone (Present Perfect) past + have + -en + swim

27. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go have gone (Present Perfect) past + have + -en + swim had swum (Past Perfect)

28. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go have gone (Present Perfect) past + have + -en + swim had swum (Past Perfect) pres + have + - en + be + -ing + want

29. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go have gone (Present Perfect) past + have + -en + swim had swum (Past Perfect) pres + have + - en + be + -ing + want have been wanting (Present Perfect Progressive)

30. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put

31. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put had been putting (Past Perfect Progressive)

32. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put had been putting (Past Perfect Progressive) pres + will + begin

33. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put had been putting (Past Perfect Progressive) pres + will + begin will begin (Future)

34. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put had been putting (Past Perfect Progressive) pres + will + begin will begin (Future) pres + will + have + -en + know

35. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put had been putting (Past Perfect Progressive) pres + will + begin will begin (Future) pres + will + have + -en + know will have known (Future Perfect)

36. Active & Passive Voice Read and compare the following sentences:

37. Active & Passive Voice Read and compare the following sentences: Only one fatality was suffered by visitors to amusement parks that year.

38. Active & Passive Voice Read and compare the following sentences: Only one fatality was suffered by visitors to amusement parks that year. That year visitors to amusement parks suffered only one fatality.

39. Active & Passive Voice Read and compare the following sentences: PASSIVEOnly one fatality was suffered by VOICEvisitors to amusement parks that year. That year visitors to amusement parks suffered only one fatality.

40. Active & Passive Voice Read and compare the following sentences: PASSIVEOnly one fatality was suffered by VOICEvisitors to amusement parks that year. ACTIVEThat year visitors to amusement VOICEparks suffered only one fatality.

41. Passive Voice Only one fatality was suffered by visitors to amusement parks that year. The subject RECEIVES the action.

42. Active Voice That year visitors to amusement parks suffered only one fatality. The subject PERFORMS the action.

43. Passive VoiceActive Voice 1. We were attacked by circus midgets.

44. Passive VoiceActive Voice 1. We were attacked by circus midgets. 1. Circus midgets attacked us.

45. Passive VoiceActive Voice 1. We were attacked by circus midgets. 2. The truth was known around the school about Marsh’s addiction to donuts. 1. Circus midgets attacked us.

46. Passive VoiceActive Voice 1. We were attacked by circus midgets. 2. The truth was known around the school about Marsh’s addiction to donuts. 1. Circus midgets attacked us. 2. Everyone around the school knew the truth about Marsh’s addiction to donuts.

47. Use Transitive Verbs Estelle and Buster were riders in the first roller coaster car.

48. Use Transitive Verbs Estelle and Buster were riders in the first roller coaster car.

49. Use Transitive Verbs Estelle and Buster were riders in the first roller coaster car. Estelle and Buster rode the first roller coaster car.

50. Use Transitive Verbs Estelle and Buster were riders in the first roller coaster car. Estelle and Buster rode the first roller coaster car.

51. Verb Expansion Rule: Active Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV

52. Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV Active Pattern VII: Mr. Cantrell uncomfortably caressed the Van Gogh canvas at the museum. Passive Pattern VII: The Van Gogh canvas at the museum was uncomfortably caressed by Mr. Cantrell.

53. Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV Active Pattern VIII: The school nurse gave Mr. Dougherty a good scolding for his oppressive elbow stink. Passive Pattern VIII: Mr. Dougherty was given a good scolding for his oppressive elbow stink by the school nurse.

54. Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV Passive Pattern VIII: Mr. Dougherty was given a good scolding for his oppressive elbow stink by the school nurse. Passive Pattern VIII (option 2): A good scolding was given by the school nurse to Mr. Dougherty for his oppressive elbow stink.

55. Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV Active Pattern IX: We painted our faces green for St. Patrick’s Day. Passive Pattern IX: Our faces were painted green for St. Patrick’s Day.

56. Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV Active Pattern X: We found Mr. Shockey’s quizzes to be a joke. Passive Pattern X: Mr. Shockey’s quizzes were found to be a joke (by us).

57. Modals affect mood: Indicative: fact or a question about a fact – We will go soon. – When will you be leaving?

58. Modals affect mood: Conditional: – Probability (I may eat) – Possibility (I could eat) – Obligation (I should eat) – Necessity (I must eat)

59. Modals affect mood: Subjunctive: does not involve modal auxiliaries In that clauses after verbs conveying a strong suggestion or recommendation, we use the base form of the verb: – We suggested that Cristina go with us. – Sarah insisted that Kevin consult the doctor. – I move that the meeting be adjourned.

60. Modals affect mood: In IF clauses that express a wish or a condition contrary to fact, we use were as the standard form of be, no matter what the subject: If I were a rich man,... If I were you, I’d be careful. If Regan weren’t so lazy, she’d probably be a millionaire.

61. Modals affect mood: If clauses that discuss a possible condition rather than a wish or a condition contrary to fact is NOT subjunctive: If it is cold tomorrow, we’ll cancel the picnic.

62. Exceptions & Problem Verbs: Let’s dissect the following verb string: They were finished eating their dinner by nine o’clock.

63. Exceptions & Problem Verbs: Let’s dissect the following verb string: After Marsh’s class, we began reflecting upon why he likes grammar so much.

64. Exceptions & Problem Verbs: Let’s dissect the following verb string: When Jeff awoke in the morning, to his dismay, the donuts were gone.

65. Unit #2: Everything You Wanted To Know About Verbs But Were Afraid To Ask

66. Chapter 3: The Logic of the Seemingly Illogical English Verb

67. The Five Verb Forms base form (present tense): Laugh, eat - s form (present, 3 rd person, singular): laughs, eats - ed form (past tense): laughed, ate - ing form (present participle): laughing, eating - en form (past participle): laughed, eaten

68. Auxiliary-Verb Combinations Auxiliaries: helping verbs The grammar teacher has eaten the donuts as bribery. The cholesterol will be clogging his arteries.

69. Verb-Expansion Rule: Predicating Verb AuxiliaryMain Verb T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV

70. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV

71. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past

72. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to

73. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Modals affect mood: Indicative, Conditional, and Subjunctive,

74. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Ex: I have hidden the gravy from you.

75. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Ex: I have hidden the gravy from you.

76. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Ex: I should have hidden the gravy from you.

77. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Ex: I should have been hiding the gravy from you.

78. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Ex: I will now be hiding the gravy from you.

79. Verb Expansion Rule: T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Tense: Present or Past Modal: Will/Would, Shall/Should, Can/Could, May/Might, Must, Ought to Now let’s practice some more, Daquan.

80. Verb Tenses: pres + understand

81. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present)

82. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep

83. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep am sleeping (Present Progressive)

84. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep am sleeping (Present Progressive) past + take

85. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep am sleeping (Present Progressive) past + take took (Simple Past)

86. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep am sleeping (Present Progressive) past + take took (Simple Past) past + be + -ing + cry

87. Verb Tenses: pres + understand understands (Simple Present) pres + be + -ing + sleep am sleeping (Present Progressive) past + take took (Simple Past) past + be + -ing + cry was crying (Past Progressive)

88. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go

89. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go have gone (Present Perfect)

90. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go have gone (Present Perfect) past + have + -en + swim

91. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go have gone (Present Perfect) past + have + -en + swim had swum (Past Perfect)

92. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go have gone (Present Perfect) past + have + -en + swim had swum (Past Perfect) pres + have + - en + be + -ing + want

93. Verb Tenses: pres + have + -en + go have gone (Present Perfect) past + have + -en + swim had swum (Past Perfect) pres + have + - en + be + -ing + want have been wanting (Present Perfect Progressive)

94. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put

95. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put had been putting (Past Perfect Progressive)

96. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put had been putting (Past Perfect Progressive) pres + will + begin

97. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put had been putting (Past Perfect Progressive) pres + will + begin will begin (Future)

98. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put had been putting (Past Perfect Progressive) pres + will + begin will begin (Future) pres + will + have + -en + know

99. Verb Tenses: past + have + -en + be + -ing + put had been putting (Past Perfect Progressive) pres + will + begin will begin (Future) pres + will + have + -en + know will have known (Future Perfect)

100. Active & Passive Voice Read and compare the following sentences:

101. Active & Passive Voice Read and compare the following sentences: Only one fatality was suffered by visitors to amusement parks that year.

102. Active & Passive Voice Read and compare the following sentences: Only one fatality was suffered by visitors to amusement parks that year. That year visitors to amusement parks suffered only one fatality.

103. Active & Passive Voice Read and compare the following sentences: PASSIVEOnly one fatality was suffered by VOICEvisitors to amusement parks that year. That year visitors to amusement parks suffered only one fatality.

104. Active & Passive Voice Read and compare the following sentences: PASSIVEOnly one fatality was suffered by VOICEvisitors to amusement parks that year. ACTIVEThat year visitors to amusement VOICEparks suffered only one fatality.

105. Passive Voice Only one fatality was suffered by visitors to amusement parks that year. The subject RECEIVES the action.

106. Active Voice That year visitors to amusement parks suffered only one fatality. The subject PERFORMS the action.

107. Passive VoiceActive Voice 1. We were attacked by circus midgets.

108. Passive VoiceActive Voice 1. We were attacked by circus midgets. 1. Circus midgets attacked us.

109. Passive VoiceActive Voice 1. We were attacked by circus midgets. 2. The truth was known around the school about Marsh’s addiction to donuts. 1. Circus midgets attacked us.

110. Passive VoiceActive Voice 1. We were attacked by circus midgets. 2. The truth was known around the school about Marsh’s addiction to donuts. 1. Circus midgets attacked us. 2. Everyone around the school knew the truth about Marsh’s addiction to donuts.

111. Use Transitive Verbs Estelle and Buster were riders in the first roller coaster car.

112. Use Transitive Verbs Estelle and Buster were riders in the first roller coaster car.

113. Use Transitive Verbs Estelle and Buster were riders in the first roller coaster car. Estelle and Buster rode the first roller coaster car.

114. Use Transitive Verbs Estelle and Buster were riders in the first roller coaster car. Estelle and Buster rode the first roller coaster car.

115. Verb Expansion Rule: Active Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) MV Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV

116. Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV Active Pattern VII: Mr. Cantrell uncomfortably caressed the Van Gogh canvas at the museum. Passive Pattern VII: The Van Gogh canvas at the museum was uncomfortably caressed by Mr. Cantrell.

117. Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV Active Pattern VIII: The school nurse gave Mr. Dougherty a good scolding for his oppressive elbow stink. Passive Pattern VIII: Mr. Dougherty was given a good scolding for his oppressive elbow stink by the school nurse.

118. Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV Passive Pattern VIII: Mr. Dougherty was given a good scolding for his oppressive elbow stink by the school nurse. Passive Pattern VIII (option 2): A good scolding was given by the school nurse to Mr. Dougherty for his oppressive elbow stink.

119. Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV Active Pattern IX: We painted our faces green for St. Patrick’s Day. Passive Pattern IX: Our faces were painted green for St. Patrick’s Day.

120. Verb Expansion Rule: Passive Voice T (M) (have + -en) (be + -ing) be + -en MV Active Pattern X: We found Mr. Shockey’s quizzes to be a joke. Passive Pattern X: Mr. Shockey’s quizzes were found to be a joke (by us).

121. Modals affect mood: Indicative: fact or a question about a fact – We will go soon. – When will you be leaving?

122. Modals affect mood: Conditional: – Probability (I may eat) – Possibility (I could eat) – Obligation (I should eat) – Necessity (I must eat)

123. Modals affect mood: Subjunctive: does not involve modal auxiliaries In that clauses after verbs conveying a strong suggestion or recommendation, we use the base form of the verb: – We suggested that Madi go with us. – Sarah insisted that Ben consult the doctor. – I move that the meeting be adjourned.

124. Modals affect mood: In IF clauses that express a wish or a condition contrary to fact, we use were as the standard form of be, no matter what the subject: If I were a rich man,... If I were you, I’d be careful. If Mackenzie weren’t so lazy, she’d probably be a millionaire.

125. Modals affect mood: If clauses that discuss a possible condition rather than a wish or a condition contrary to fact is NOT subjunctive: If it is cold tomorrow, we’ll cancel the picnic.

126. Exceptions & Problem Verbs: Let’s dissect the following verb string: They were finished eating their dinner by nine o’clock.

127. Exceptions & Problem Verbs: Let’s dissect the following verb string: After Marsh’s class, we began reflecting upon why he likes grammar so much.

128. Exceptions & Problem Verbs: Let’s dissect the following verb string: When Jeff awoke in the morning, to his dismay, the donuts were gone.