2. Regents Biology 2006-2007 The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?

3. Regents Biology  96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) Other trace elements Elements of Life

4. Regents Biology Molecules of Life  Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms  What are bodies made of?  carbohydrates  sugars & starches  proteins  fats (lipids)  nucleic acids  DNA, RNA

5. Regents Biology Why do we eat?  We eat to take in more of these chemicals  Food for building materials  to make more of us (cells)  for growth  for repair  Food to make energy  calories  to make ATP ATP

6. Regents Biology What do we need to eat?  Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy  for building & running bodies  carbohydrates  proteins  fats  nucleic acids  vitamins  minerals, salts  water

7. Regents Biology  Water  65% of your body is H 2 O  water is inorganic  doesn’t contain carbon  Rest of you is made of carbon molecules  organic molecules  carbohydrates  proteins  fats  nucleic acids Don’t forget water

8. Regents Biology 2006-2007 How do we make these molecules? We build them!

9. Regents Biology Building large molecules of life  Chain together smaller molecules  building block molecules = monomers  Big molecules built from little molecules  polymers

10. Regents Biology  Small molecules = building blocks  Bond them together = polymers Building large organic molecules

11. Regents Biology Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from sugars Proteins = built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid –

12. Regents Biology How to build large molecules  Synthesis  building bigger molecules from smaller molecules  building cells & bodies  repair  growth  reproduction + ATP

13. Regents Biology How to take large molecules apart  Digestion  taking big molecules apart  getting raw materials  for synthesis & growth  making energy (ATP)  for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP

14. Regents Biology Example of digestion starchglucose ATP  Starch is digested to glucose

15. Regents Biology Example of synthesis amino acidsprotein amino acids = building block protein = polymer  Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

16. Regents Biology Penguins gone bad! Any Questions?

17. Regents Biology Old Food Pyramid

18. Regents Biology New Food Pyramid

19. Regents Biology Newest Food Pyramid-It’s a plate!

20. Regents Biology

21. Carbohydrates

22. Regents Biology 2009-2010 Carbohydrates: OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Energy molecules

23. Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Building block molecules = sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugars

24. Regents Biology sucrose Carbohydrates  Function:  quick energy  energy storage  structure  cell wall in plants  Examples  sugars  starches  cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch

25. Regents Biology Sugars = building blocks  Names for sugars usually end in  glucose  fructose  sucrose  maltose OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 sucrose fructose maltose -ose

26. Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two

27. Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | fructose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) 2 sugars = disaccharide How sweet it is!

28. Regents Biology BIG carbohydrates  Polysaccharides  large carbohydrates  starch  energy storage in plants potatoes  glycogen  energy storage in animals in liver & muscles  cellulose  structure in plants cell walls  chitin  structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton poly = many

29. Regents Biology Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = starch (plant) glycogen (animal) energy storage polysaccharide

30. Regents Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme

31. Regents Biology Cellulose  Cell walls in plants  herbivores can digest cellulose well  most carnivores cannot digest cellulose  that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients  cellulose = roughage  stays undigested  keeps material moving in your intestines

32. Regents Biology Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

33. Regents Biology Helpful bacteria  How can cows digest cellulose so well?  BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Eeeew… Chewing cud?

34. Regents Biology Fistula-easy access

35. Regents Biology High Fructose Corn Syrup Per capita consumption

36. Regents Biology HFCS-  Not all sugars are equally sweet  fructose 173% sucrose 100%->Table sugar glucose 74% maltose 33% galactose 33% lactose 16%  HFCS contains more fructose  Therefore, you need less  HFCS cheap due to federal subsidies

37. Regents Biology 2009-2010 Let’s build/eat some Carbohydrates!