1. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids) are found in all organisms. These molecules form all the structures and carry out the functions of all life.

2. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon atoms are considered the building blocks of life because they :Carbon atoms are considered the building blocks of life because they : 1. They form most of the structures in living things 1. They form most of the structures in living things (Structure) (Structure) 2. Carry out most processes that keep organisms alive 2. Carry out most processes that keep organisms alive (Function) (Function) Each molecules structure is unique and is specific to its job or function in living things..

3. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Why is Carbon so special? Carbon has four valence electrons.Carbon has four valence electrons. It shares these electrons with other atoms to form molecules that are held together by strong covalent bonds.It shares these electrons with other atoms to form molecules that are held together by strong covalent bonds..

4. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Molecules that contain carbon are called Organic compounds. Exceptions are CO(Carbon monoxide) and CO 2 (Carbon dioxide) There are over 2 million known organic compounds. They are made and found only in living things.

5. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules There are 3 basic shapes of carbon-based compounds depending on how the carbon atoms are bonded together: straight chainstraight chain branched chainbranched chain ringring

6. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Monomers and Polymers

7. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Large carbon-based molecules are made of many repeating small subunits that are bonded together.Large carbon-based molecules are made of many repeating small subunits that are bonded together. Smaller individual molecular subunits are called Monomers Ex. Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6

8. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Larger molecules made when monomers bond are called Polymers.

9. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

12. =MONOMER – one train car =POLYMER – the whole train

13. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules The reaction that joins monomers to form polymers is called Dehydration Synthesis. Animation Dehydration synthesis means “to make by removing water.” (Dehydration – remove water Synthesis – to make)

14. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Dehydration Synthesis

15. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Polymers can be broken down into the monomers that made them through Hydrolysis Hydrolysis means “to break by adding water”

16. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four major groups of organic compounds in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Quick Check for Understanding – What atom do all these molecules contain?

17. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four major groups of organic compounds in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

18. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Quick Check for Understanding – What atom do all these molecules contain?

19. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Quick Check for Understanding – What atom do all these molecules contain? CARBON

20. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Where do we get these molecules? (Click for video) FROM OUR FOOD!!

21. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules CARBOHYDRATES

22. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbohydrate molecules are made of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) atoms

23. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Food that contain primarily carbohydrate molecules are called Sugars (simple carbohydrates) and Starches (complex carbohydrates).

24. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Uses in Living Things 1. “Quick” Energy 2. Builds body structures

25. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 3 Categories of Carbohydrates based on Size: 1.Monosaccharides (smallest) 2.Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides (largest)

26. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 1. 1. Monosaccharide: one single molecule 1– made in photosynthesis;1. Glucose – made in photosynthesis; blood sugar 2. Galactose - Component of milk sugar 3. - 3. Fructose - fruit sugar 4. – 4. Deoxyribose and Ribose – in nucleic acidsglucose

27. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2. Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides joined together 1. Sucrose – table sugar (glucose + fructose) ) 2. Lactose – milk sugar (glucose + galactose) fructoseglucose

28. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 3.Polysaccharides - many monosaccharides joined together 1. Starch – glucose storage in plants (bread, taters) 2. Glycogen – glucose storage in animals 3. Cellulose – forms plant cell walls 4. Chitin – forms insect exoskeletons and fungus cell walls fungus cell walls glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

29. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbohydrate molecules can have the same monomers but they are joined together differently. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer

30. Examples of different glucose monomer arrangements to form different polymer molecules

31. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Chitin (C 8 H 13 O 5 N ) used to form Insect bodies Monomer Polymer

32. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules REMEMBER A UNIFYING THEME: The structure of a molecule affects its function

33. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules LIPIDS Fats, Oils, Waxes)

34. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Types of Atoms: C, H, O

35. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Uses of Lipids in Living Things: 1.Stores large amounts of chemical energy 2.Provide warmth and insulation 3. #1 component of cell membranes 4. Makes hormones the body’s chemical messengers

36. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Common Features of Lipids 1. Nonpolar molecules – no charge on atoms 2. Hydrophobic – Don’t dissolve in water 3. No specific monomer found in all lipids. Many lipids do contain fatty acid molecules.

37. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules The 100’s of different types of fatty acid molecules have the same basic structure

38. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 3 Categories of Fatty Acids No double bonds between Carbon atoms No kinks One or more double bonds between carbon atoms Molecule has kinks and bends

39. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules I f the Fatty Acid molecules have : Single bonds between C atoms – Saturated Fats (Bad fats in diet) Double bonds between C atoms – Unsaturated Fats (Good fats in diet) (Copy what’s underlined below into notes) LDL - Lousy for you Want # to be LOW HDL - Happy for you Want # to be HIGH

40. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Dangers of Saturated Fats (Video)Dangers of Saturated Fats

41. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Get in the habit of checking food labels for fat content

42. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Cell Membrane

43. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Has negative charge Molecules have no charge

44. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Types of Atoms in Protein Molecules: C, H, O, N, S

45. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Uses of Proteins in Living Things: Make chemical reactions go faster (Enzymes) Move molecules in/out of cells Help cells move Receptors on cell surfaces

46. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Monomers of Proteins: Amino Acids 20 different amino acids molecules linked by a special bond called a peptide bond. 9 amino acids are Essential – Can only be obtained by eating food

47. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Don’t forget: Proteins are BIG molecules made by joining SMALL amino acid molecules. Protein – Polymer Amino Acids - Monomers

48. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Basic structure of all known 20 amino acids Amine groupCarboxylic acid group Variable group

49. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules.Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds which form between them through dehydration synthesis.Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds which form between them through dehydration synthesis. OH + H OH + H

50. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Examples of Protein Molecules in Living things: 1. Albumin – protein in egg white 2. Amylase – breaks apart starch to glucose through hydrolysis. Enzyme found in your saliva 3. Keratin – protein in hair, feathers and nails 4. Hemoglobin – in red blood cells, oxygen attaches to it to be carried throughout the body and delivered to all cells

51. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA and RNA

52. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Types of Atoms in N.A.: C, H, O, N, P

53. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Two Types of Nucleic Acid Molecules: 1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA 2. Ribonucleic Acid – RNA Uses of Nucleic Acids: 1. Stores hereditary information 2. Helps to make protein molecules

54. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Monomers of Nucleic acids are nucleotides. 1000’s of nucleotides join together to make a nucleic acid.

55. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 3 Molecules Join Together to form a Nucleotide 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogen containing base (5 kinds). A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar)

56. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Types of Nitrogen Containing Bases in: DNA Adenine A Thymine T Guanine G Cytosine C RNA Adenine A Uracil U Guanine G Cytosine C