1. Polysaccharides are all polymers, which are very large molecules made up of simple sugars. They includes starches, glycogen, and cellulose. We’ll see how these are produced, or synthesized.

2. Polysaccharides are made up of many smaller molecules called monomers joined together. One common monomer is (click) glucose Glucose (a monosaccharide) monomer

3. Glucose is a simple sugar or monosaccharide. Glucose (a monosaccharide) monomer

4. Two other common monosaccharides are (click) galactose and (click) fructose. You can see these all have slightly different shapes or structures. Glucose Galactose Fructose

5. A molecule of glucose contains 6 carbon atoms, (click) which are numbered like this. Glucose (a monosaccharide) 1 2 3 4 5 6

6. These two OH groups are used to bond glucose monomers to each other. We’ll see how that works. glucose

7. Here are two glucose units glucose

8. We’ll consider this OH on the first glucose molecule, and this (click) H on the second glucose molecule. An enzyme in plants enables two glucose molecules to join together. Let’s have a look at this. glucose

9. We can imagine the H and the OH coming off and the two molecules moving together. We should point out here that the actual mechanism for this is much more complex and involves enzymes. The simplified animation here just helps us visualize how the two glucose monomers can bond together.

10. When the two glucose units bond together, they form another sugar called maltose. maltose (a disaccharide)

11. Because maltose is a combination of two glucose monomers, it is called a double sugar or disaccharide. maltose (a disaccharide)

12. The H atom from one glucose, bonded to the OH from the other glucose, forms a molecule of water. maltose (a disaccharide) water

13. Because a larger molecule is made from two smaller molecules, this process is called (click) synthesis. water Dehydration Synthesis

14. And because a water molecule is released, it’s called (click) dehydration synthesis. water Dehydration Synthesis water

15. Another disaccharide is formed when a molecule of (click) galactose and a molecule of (click) glucose glucose galactose

16. Bond to each other in a dehydration synthesis to form lactose. Lactose is a common disaccharide found in milk products. lactose water

17. Still another disaccharide is formed when a molecule of (click) glucose and a molecule of (click) fructose glucosefructose

18. Bond to each other with a dehydration synthesis to form sucrose, a common disaccharide found in table sugar. water sucrose

19. Now we’ll go back to our molecule of maltose and see how we can add more glucose units to it to form a polysaccharide. water maltose

20. More glucose molecules bond to this maltose and grow this chain by the process of dehydration synthesis.

21. eventually forming starch… Starch consists of long chains of glucose molecules with some branching

22. which consists of very long chains of glucose units… Starch consists of long chains of glucose molecules with some branching

23. That have some branching. Starch molecules can consist of up to 4000 glucose units. Starch consists of long chains of glucose molecules with some branching

24. Glycogen is another polysaccharide. You can see it has a lot more branches than starch. It is produced in animals rather than in plants. When blood levels of glucose are high, the liver produces glycogen, which is a way of storing glucose for when it is needed. Glycogen is stored in the liver, and in muscle cells. Glycogen consists of long chains of glucose molecules which are highly branched

25. Like starch, glycogen also consists of long chains of glucose units. Glycogen consists of long chains of glucose molecules which are highly branched

26. But in glycogen, the chains are much more highly branched than in starch. Glycogen consists of long chains of glucose molecules which are highly branched

27. A different type of polysaccharide called Cellulose is produced in plants. Cellulose consists of long chains of glucose molecules which are not branched

28. Cellulose consists of long, unbranched chains of glucose units. Cellulose consists of long chains of glucose molecules which are not branched

29. Notice that the linkage between glucose units is different in cellulose than it is in starch or glycogen. Cellulose consists of long chains of glucose molecules which are not branched The linkage between glucose subunits is different in cellulose, than in starch or glycogen.

30. in cellulose, the oxygen atoms between the glucose units alternate their positions Cellulose consists of long chains of glucose molecules which are not branched The linkage between glucose subunits is different in cellulose, than in starch or glycogen.

31. whereas in starch and glycogen, the oxygen atoms between glucose units are all in the same relative positions. Starch consists of long chains of glucose molecules with some branching In starch and glycogen, the oxygen atoms between glucose subunits are all in the same relative positions.

32. It is important to note that the human body is capable of digesting starch and glycogen, Starch Glycogen Cellulose The human body is capable of digesting starch and glycogen, but NOT cellulose.

33. But it is NOT capable of digesting cellulose. Starch Glycogen Cellulose  The human body is capable of digesting starch and glycogen, but NOT cellulose.

34. The body breaks down starches and glycogen in steps, eventually ending up with many single glucose molecules, which the body uses for energy. Starch Glycogen Cellulose The human body is capable of digesting starch and glycogen, but NOT cellulose.

35. Even though the polysaccharide cellulose is not broken down by the body, it provides the body with fiber, which is believed to help with digestion in the large intestine.. Cellulose Cellulose provides the body with fiber, which helps with digestion.

36. Acknowledgements for Images Used "Alpha-D-Glucopyranose" by NEUROtiker - Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alph a-D-Glucopyranose.svg#/media/File:Alpha-D- Glucopyranose.svg

37. Acknowledgements for Images Used "Beta-D-Galactopyranose" by NEUROtiker - Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Beta-D- Galactopyranose.svg#/media/File:Beta-D- Galactopyranose.svg

38. Acknowledgements for Images Used "Beta-D-Fructofuranose" by NEUROtiker (talk · contribs) - Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Beta-D Fructofuranose.svg#/media/File:Beta-D- Fructofuranose.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Beta-D

39. Acknowledgements for Images Used "Lactose Haworth" by NEUROtiker - Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Lactose_Haworth.svg#/media/File:Lactose _Haworth.svg

40. Acknowledgements for Images Used "Saccharose2" by NEUROtiker - Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Saccharose2.svg#/media /File:Saccharose2.svg