1. Chapter 12: Kingdoms & Trading States of Africa
Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions

2. Chapter 12: Africa

3. Chapter 12: Africa

4. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
Summary:
The varied climates, physical features, and natural resources of Africa helped create diverse ways of life

5. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
Geography has always influenced how Africans live
Most Africans live in the savanna
These grassy plains are good for farming and cattle herding

6. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
Many people also settled in the fertile Nile River Valley
Several large deserts made it difficult to travel in parts of Africa

7. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
Steep waterfalls on several of Africa’s major rivers limited contact between the coast and the interior of the continent
However, people did migrate and trade

8. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
The kingdom of Nubia emerged in North Africa at the same time Egyptian civilization developed
Nubia and Egypt had contact through trade and war

9. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
As a result, the Nubians adopted many Egyptian ways
They built palaces and pyramids in the Egyptian style
At the same time Nubians developed their own civilization

10. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
By controlling trade routes, Nubia grew wealthy
The Nubian system of writing used an alphabet, not hieroglyphics

11. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
Several early civilizations influenced North Africa
Trade linked Egypt with Greece and Mesopotamia
Later Roman conquerors built roads and cities across North Africa

12. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
Under Roman rule, Christianity spread
Merchants used camels brought in from Asia to create new trading networks across the Sahara

13. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
In the 600s, Arab armies spread Islam throughout North Africa
Over time, Islam replace Christianity and the Arabic language replaced Latin

14. Section 1: Early Civilizations of Africa
North Africa was influenced by many cultures

15. Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
Summary:
West African rulers built powerful kingdoms by gaining control of trade routes and defeating their enemies

16. Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
By A.D. 100, farming villages in West Africa were growing into towns
Over time, these towns became part of an important trade network
Gold and salt were the most important products traded

17. Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
People needed salt in their diet to prevent dehydration, or loss of water
There was plenty of salt in the Sahara, but their was little in the Savanna
There, a block of salt was worth its weight in gold

18. Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
Strong West African rulers created powerful kingdoms
These kingdoms gained control of the trade routes
By 800, the kingdom of Ghana controlled trade in gold and salt across West Africa

19. Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
Around 1250, the kingdom of Mali crushed Ghana and won control of the gold trade routes
Mali built Timbuktu
Timbuktu became a center of learning

20. Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
Around 1450, a new kingdom called Songhai emerged
The ruler of Songhai built the largest state that had ever existed in West Africa

21. Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
Muslim merchants brought their religion when they settled throughout West Africa
In time, however, Islam became an important influence

22. Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
The emperor of Mali, Mansa Musa, converted to Islam
He based his system of government on the Quran (Koran)

23. Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
West African kingdoms also used Muslim military technology
They adopted Muslim ideas, including written language, coins, and business language

24. Section 2: Kingdoms of West Africa
Ghana ( )
Mali ( )
Songhai ( )
-Control trade of gold & salt
-Conquers Ghana
-Grows into largest West African state
- King has Muslim advisors
-Mansa Musa becomes great emperor
Controls important trade routes
-Control gold trade routes
Emperors set up Muslim dynasty
-Timbuktu becomes center of learning

25. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
Summary:
Trade route across the Indian Ocean linked East Africa with other regions

26. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
The kingdom of Axum was located on the coast of East Africa
In A.D. 350, Axum conquered and absorbed Nubia

27. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
Axum controlled a trade network that linked Africa, India, and the Mediterranean world
In the cities of Axum, Africans mixed with the peoples of other lands

28. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
In the 300s, the king of Axum converted to Christianity
Over time, Christianity spread throughout the kingdom
Civil war and the spread of Islam in North Africa led to the decline of the Axum

29. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
However, people living in the mountains continued to practice Christianity
These people became the ancestors of the Ethiopians

30. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
Ethiopian Christians borrowed many different traditions from other cultures:
They adapted East African music & dance
They observed Jewish holidays and rules about diet

31. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
While the Axum declined, other trading cities arose along the East African coast
In the 600s, Arab and Persian merchants set up Muslim communities there

32. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
By 1000, merchant ships from port cities such as Mogadishu sailed to India to trade
Trade led to a mixing of cultures in East Africa

33. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
Over time, this blending of cultures resulted in a new language called Swahili

34. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
Swahili mixed Arabic words with Bantu, an African language

35. Section 3: Trade Routes of East Africa
The Rise of East African Trading Cities
-Early trade with Phoenician, Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese, and Indian merchants
-Trading communities set up on the eastern coast
East African trading cities develop
Short-Term Effects:
-Growth of strong city-states
-Rise of slave trade
Long-Term Effects:
-Rich mix of cultures
-Dev. Of Swahili Lang.

36. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
Summary:
Village governments, family bonds, and religious beliefs gave people a sense of community

37. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
Across Africa, people lived in different ways
In the desert people gathered roots and herbs and hunted small animals
They lived in small groups

38. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
In some parts of the Savanna, nomadic people raised cattle
Along the coast people fished
They traded extra fish for grains and animal skins

39. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
Farming communities grew many crops, such as grains, yams, and bananas

40. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
The village, the family, and religion were important in Africa
Most farming people lived in villages
Villagers helped each other with planting and harvesting

41. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
Each African family belonged to a lineage, or group of households who claimed a common ancestor
Several lineages formed a clan
Belonging to a family, lineage or clan helped each person to feel a part of the community

42. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
Africans had many different religious beliefs
Villagers worshiped many gods and goddesses

43. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
Many Africans believed that the spirits of their ancestors could help them
They tried to influence the spirits of nature with rituals and ceremonies

44. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
Art and literature strengthened African society
African artists used ivory, wood, and bronze

45. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
Some art was only for decoration
Statues and masks were often used in religious ceremonies

46. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
Many African societies used stories to teach history and values
In West Africa, storytellers called griots passed stories from generation to generation

47. Section 4: Many Peoples, Many Traditions
Diverse African Traditions
Village Life
Family Patterns
Religious Beliefs
-Elders share government power
-Each family belongs to a lineage
Worship many gods
-Villagers help each other with planting & harvesting
-Several lineages form a clan
Elders ask spirits for rain & good harvests
-Some villages ruled by larger kingdoms, such as Songhai
-Elders teach children the clan’s history & religious beliefs
Ask spirits of ancestors for help

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