1. Endocrine system 2009

2. Hormones (products of the endocrine glands) are released in the blood or tissue fluid); they have influence on organs and tissues that are far from the site of production

3. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system Nc. supraopticus and paraventricularis in hypothalamus – oxytocin and vasopresin (ADH) Nc. supraopticus and paraventricularis in hypothalamus – oxytocin and vasopresin (ADH) They are released in neurohypophysis They are released in neurohypophysis Hypothalamus: Hypothalamus: Liberines : TRH,GnRH,GRH,CRH, PRF Liberines : TRH,GnRH,GRH,CRH, PRF Statines: somatostatin,dopamin Statines: somatostatin,dopamin Influence on hormone production in adenohypophysis Influence on hormone production in adenohypophysis

4. Neurohypophysis Unmyelinized nerve fibres – Herring bodies - granules contain vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin; neurophysin Unmyelinized nerve fibres – Herring bodies - granules contain vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin; neurophysin Pituicytes = glial cells (lipofuscin) – glial fibrillary acidic protein Pituicytes = glial cells (lipofuscin) – glial fibrillary acidic protein

5. Neurohypophysis Oxytocin –increases tonus and causes contraction of the uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells in the ducts of mammary gland Oxytocin –increases tonus and causes contraction of the uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells in the ducts of mammary gland Vasopressin – ADH –increases resorption of water in collecting ducts of kidney and causes contraction of smooth muscles in small arteries – increases the blood pressure Vasopressin – ADH –increases resorption of water in collecting ducts of kidney and causes contraction of smooth muscles in small arteries – increases the blood pressure

6. Neurohypophysis

7. Adenohypophysis Blood supply: Blood supply: Superior hypophysial artery – hypothalamus and pituitary gland– portal system Superior hypophysial artery – hypothalamus and pituitary gland– portal system Inferior hypophysial artery - neurohypophysis Inferior hypophysial artery - neurohypophysis

8. Anterior pituitary gland Chromofobes: undifferentiated – stem cells, folicullar cells (supportive system) Chromofobes: undifferentiated – stem cells, folicullar cells (supportive system) Chromophils: Chromophils: Acidophilic: prolactin, growth hormone (GH) Acidophilic: prolactin, growth hormone (GH) Bazophilic: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), gonadotropic: FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone) Bazophilic: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), gonadotropic: FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone)

9. Anterior pituitary gland Growth hormone – acts by IGF 1 (somatomedin) producedin liver and tissue. Growth hormone – acts by IGF 1 (somatomedin) producedin liver and tissue. Function growth – bone, anabolic hormone Function growth – bone, anabolic hormone Prolaktin – growth of mammary gland, secretion of milk Prolaktin – growth of mammary gland, secretion of milk Hyperprelactinemie – infertilita, amenorhea and galactorhea. Hyperprelactinemie – infertilita, amenorhea and galactorhea.

13. Pituitary gland- pars intermedia

14. Pineal gland Pinealocytes- production of melatonin Pinealocytes- production of melatonin Astrocytes – supportive cells Astrocytes – supportive cells Function: reaction on light – rythmic secretory activity (melatonin is produced in darkness) Function: reaction on light – rythmic secretory activity (melatonin is produced in darkness) Biological clock – regulation of circadian rythms Biological clock – regulation of circadian rythms It modifies function of endocrine glands It modifies function of endocrine glands

15. Pineal gland Pinealocytes Pinealocytes Astrocytes Astrocytes

16. Thyroid gland Follicles – colloid (thyroglobulin) – cubic cells - follicular – thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodotyrosine (T3) Follicles – colloid (thyroglobulin) – cubic cells - follicular – thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodotyrosine (T3) Function: stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (resorption in intestine, regulation of lipid metabolism, growth, development of CNS) Function: stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (resorption in intestine, regulation of lipid metabolism, growth, development of CNS) Parafollicular cells– calcitonin –decrease of Ca level in blood –storage into bone and release into urine. Parafollicular cells– calcitonin –decrease of Ca level in blood –storage into bone and release into urine.

17. Thyroid gland Folicullar cells Folicullar cells C – Parafollicular cells: production of calcitonin: regulation of Ca level in blood C – Parafollicular cells: production of calcitonin: regulation of Ca level in blood

18. Production of thyroxine Synthesis of thyroglobulin - proteosynthesis Synthesis of thyroglobulin - proteosynthesis Uptake of iodide from blood – active transport – iodine pump Uptake of iodide from blood – active transport – iodine pump Activation of iodide and its binding to tyrosine in thyreoglobulin (in follicular colloid) Activation of iodide and its binding to tyrosine in thyreoglobulin (in follicular colloid) Resorption of thyroglobulin and its braking by lysosomes – secretion of T4 and T3 Resorption of thyroglobulin and its braking by lysosomes – secretion of T4 and T3

19. Parathyroid gland Chief cells – production of parathyroid hormone – regulation of Ca level in blood – activates osteoclasts in bone – antagonist of calcitonin Chief cells – production of parathyroid hormone – regulation of Ca level in blood – activates osteoclasts in bone – antagonist of calcitonin Oxyphilic cells (mitochondrias)

20. Parathyroid gland

21. Suprarenal gland Cortex : Cortex : zona glomerulosa zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona fasciculata zona reticularis zona reticularis Medulla Medulla

22. Cortex of suprarenal gland Mineralocorticoids – aldosteron –regulates– resorption of Na in kidney (stimulation by angiotensinII) Mineralocorticoids – aldosteron –regulates– resorption of Na in kidney (stimulation by angiotensinII) Glucocorticoids – cortisol, corticosteron – regulation of metabolism, immunity (stimulation by ACTH) Glucocorticoids – cortisol, corticosteron – regulation of metabolism, immunity (stimulation by ACTH) Androgens – dehydroepiandrosteron – anabolic activity Androgens – dehydroepiandrosteron – anabolic activity

24. Suprarenal gland Medulla: Medulla: Epinephrin (80%) Epinephrin (80%) Norepinephrin (20%) Norepinephrin (20%) Reaction to stress – Increase of blood pressure, frequency of heart Reaction to stress – Increase of blood pressure, frequency of heart

25. Suprarenal gland - medulla

26. Pancreas Exocrine gland – enzymes Exocrine gland – enzymes Endocrine gland – islets of Langerhans – controls of glucose level in blood and function of GIT Endocrine gland – islets of Langerhans – controls of glucose level in blood and function of GIT

27. Pancreas A-cells – glucagon A-cells – glucagon B-cells – insulin B-cells – insulin D-cells – somatostatin D-cells – somatostatin F-cells – pankreatic polypeptide F-cells – pankreatic polypeptide

28. Islet of Langerhans - insulin

29. Islet of Langerhans – B cell

30. A and D cells

31. Islet of Langerhans - glucagon

32. Islet of Langerhans - somatostatin

33. DNES (diffuse neuroendocrinne system) Regulation of resorption and motility (gastrin, secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, motilin, VIP, serotonin, somatostatin, glucagon, substance P, ghrelin) Regulation of resorption and motility (gastrin, secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, motilin, VIP, serotonin, somatostatin, glucagon, substance P, ghrelin) Cell can reach surface or they cannot. Granules are located closely to basal lamina and they are excreted into the blood Cell can reach surface or they cannot. Granules are located closely to basal lamina and they are excreted into the blood

34. Endocrine system Ovary: estrogens and progesteron Ovary: estrogens and progesteron Testis: androgens Testis: androgens Placenta: HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), placental lactogen, estrogens and progesteron Placenta: HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), placental lactogen, estrogens and progesteron Heart – cardiomyocytes- atrial natriuretic hormone Heart – cardiomyocytes- atrial natriuretic hormone Kidney– juxtaglomerular apparatus – renin – angiotensin Kidney– juxtaglomerular apparatus – renin – angiotensin Thymus: thymosin alfa, thymopoetin, tymolin, thymic humoral factor (stimulates proliferation and differenciation of T lymfocytes) Thymus: thymosin alfa, thymopoetin, tymolin, thymic humoral factor (stimulates proliferation and differenciation of T lymfocytes) Adipose tissue: leptin, estrogens Adipose tissue: leptin, estrogens