2. Animal Evolution KPCOFGS

3. Regulate body temperature and metabolism 10 T 2 – T 1 Q 10 = k 2 k 1 Q 10 (Temperature Coefficient) a measure of the rate of change of a biological or chemical system as a consequence of increasing the temperature by 10˚C. k = the rate T = Temperature (˚C or ˚K) Determine the Q 10 value for the breathing rate of Sphaerodactylus macrolepis, adwarf gecko lizard.

4. Regulate body temperature and metabolism

5. Counter Current Exchange

6. Hormones & Homeostasis Negative feedback –stimulus triggers control mechanism that inhibits further change (move toward homeostasis, stability) body temperature sugar metabolism Positive feedback –stimulus triggers control mechanism that amplifies effect lactation labor contractions Anterior pituitary Inhibition – Target glands Hypothalamus Releasing hormones (TRH, CRH, GnRH) Tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH) – (thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads) Hormones

7. Regulating metabolism Hypothalamus –TRH = TSH-releasing hormone Anterior Pituitary –TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone Thyroid –produces thyroxine hormones –metabolism & development bone growth mental development metabolic use of energy blood pressure & heart rate muscle tone digestion reproduction tyrosine iodine thyroxine

8. Regulating metabolism Hibernation –Mechanism used to escape cold weather and food shortages Bear, chipmonk Diapause –A genetically predetermined physical state of dormancy due to unfavorable environmental conditions Insects: egg – larva – pupae - adult thyroxine

9. The graph below shows the relationship between Size and Metabolic Rate of various mammals. In general, what do you notice about an animal’s size and metabolic rate? The smaller the animal is … How do the lifestyles of the shrew and the sheep relate to each of their BMR’s? Shrews spend nearly all of their time hunting vigorously for insects and eating them. In contrast, sheep have a slower lifestyle – long periods of rest interspersed with grazing.

11. Digestion in Animals

12. Circulatory System of Animals

13. - triggers release of glucose by liver - stimulates appetite Regulating blood sugar levels -triggers uptake of glucose by body cells -triggers storage in liver - depresses appetite pancreas beta islet cells alpha islet cells

14. Classes of Hormones Protein-based hormones –polypeptides small proteins: insulin, ADH –glycoproteins large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH –amines modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin Lipid-based hormones –steroids modified cholesterol: sex hormones, aldosterone

15. Nucleus Cytoplasm Steroid hormone (S) passes through plasma membrane. Inside target cell, the steroid hormone binds to a specific receptor protein in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus & binds to DNA, causing gene transcription Protein is produced. Protein synthesis is induced. Plasma membrane DNA mRNA Protein Steroid hormone Blood plasma Protein carrier 1 2 2 3 3 5 5 4 4 1 S Action of steroid (lipid) hormones S S S

16. 3 body layers –ectoderm –mesoderm –endoderm Body Cavity How much is the digestive tract separated from the rest of the body? acoelomate pseudocoelomate coelomate ectoderm mesoderm coelom cavity endoderm ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoel

17. Vertebrates –fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals –internal bony skeleton backbone encasing spinal column skull-encased brain postanal tail notochord hollow dorsal nerve cord pharyngeal pouches Chordata becomes brain & spinal cord becomes vertebrae becomes gills or Eustachian tube becomes tail or tailbone Oh, look… your first baby picture!

18. Animal Evolution Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms Nematoda Mollusca mollusks Arthropoda Chordata Annelida Echinoderm Seastar vertebrates segmented worms insects spiders multicellularity tissues bilateral symmetry body cavity segmentation coelom endoskeleton backbone Move the images and words to their Correct locations

19. Practice