1. SI Session Metabolism Spring 2010 For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Class Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 sibio@att.netsibio@att.net

2. Review your understanding of catabolism and anabolism. Be able to discuss a mechanism by which each of the following affects blood glucose levels (i.e., does it increase or decrease blood sugar, and HOW): Insulin Glucagons Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors Epinephrine Glucocorticoids Thyroxine Compare and contrast type I and type II diabetes mellitus with respect to: Age of onset Why blood glucose levels are high Is insulin deficient? Recommended treatment Are beta islet cells damaged? How does parathyroid hormone and/or vitamin D3 (1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) affect: Reabsorption of calcium from intestine Reabsorption of calcium in kidneys Resorption of bone (Think: does it tend to put more calcium in the blood, or less?) What are the consequences of having low blood calcium? (review question!)

3. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010Metabolism : All body’s process that transform energy.

4. Catabolism C  A + B + energy Breaking down into smaller molecules Chemical reactions in Metabolism: Anabolism A + B + energy  C Form larger molecules Reactants Product Reactant Products   + energy Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

5. *Generally…. High levels due to CATABOLISM. Low levels due to ANABOLISM. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Stimulates glycolysis (Catabolism).  increase blood glucose. Stimulate glycogenesis(Anabolism).  decrease blood glucose.

6. The hormones affect Blood glucose levels: Insulin Glucagons Growth hormone Insulin-like growth factors Epinephrine Glucocorticoids Picture from http://www.projectswole.com/diet/how-to-manipulate-insulin-for-fat-loss-and-muscle-gain/http://www.projectswole.com/diet/how-to-manipulate-insulin-for-fat-loss-and-muscle-gain/ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

7. Insulin ↓ Blood glucose by stimulating… -Cellular uptake of glucose -Conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat. ↑ Blood glucose In Beta cell ↑insulin secretion In Alpha cell ↓Glucagon secretion Cells uptake glucose Liver/muscle: Glucose  Glycogen Adipose tissue: Glucose  Triglyceride ↓Blood glucose _____________: Glucose  Glycogen _____________: Glucose  Triglyceride Glycogenesis Lipogenesis Anabolism!! “-lysis”: Breakdown to smaller molecules “-genesis”: Making to a big molecules Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 *Insulin is __________ of carbohydrate and lipids.anabolism (secreted by Pancreas (Beta cells)

8. Glucacon ↑ Blood glucose by stimulating… -Making glucose from glycogen and noncarbohydrates (triglyceride and amino acids) -Glycogenolysis(breakdown Glycogen into glucose) in the liver. -Glucogenesis ↑ Blood glucose In Beta cell ↓ insulin secretion In Alpha cell ↑ Glucagon secretion ↓ Cells uptake glucose Liver/muscle: Glucose ← Glycogen Adipose tissue: Glucose ← Triglyceride ↑ Blood glucose _____________: Glucose ← Glycogen _____________: Glucose ← Triglyceride(or noncarbohydrate) Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis “-lysis”: Breakdown to smaller molecules “-genesis”: Making to a big molecules Catabolism!! Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 (secreted by Pancreas (Alpha cells)

9. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 From Dr. Wright’s Bio6 powerpoint

10. -Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervate pancreas -Sympathetic, along with epinephrine,  stimulates glucagon secretion  increase blood glucose -Parasympathetic  stimulates insulin secretion  ↑ gastrointestinal activity (digestion)  decrease blood glucose Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 ANS system activity in metabolism

11. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Growth hormone(GH) -Secreted by A.pituitary glands. -Controlled by GHRH (from hypothalamus) -stimulates growth in children and adolescents. -More secreted GH during stress and fasting in adults. -increased when fasting, stress, low blood glucose and high amino acid by skeletal muscle. Picture from http://adolescents.wordpress.com/

12. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Insulin-like Growth factors (IGFs) -”Somatomedians” -Polypeptides(protein) produced by liver or many tissues. -mediators of some of GH actions. Cell division Cartilage and bone growth Protein synthesis in muslce & other organs. -Not mediated of GH actions. Lipolysis decreased glucose utilization.

13. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Insulin-like Growth factors (IGFs)(Cont’d) From Dr. Wright’s Bio6 powerpoint

14. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 Growth hormone(GH) ↑ Blood glucose by stimulating… - ↓cellular glucose uptake; Glycogenolysis in the liver ↓ Blood glucose e.g. fasting In liver ↑Glycogenolysis ↓ Cells uptake glucose Muscle and other organ: Protein← amino acids Adipose tissue: fatty acids← Triglyceride ↑ Blood glucose ↑ amino acid in Blood ↓ amino acid in Blood ↑ fatty acids in Blood ↑GH in Anterior pituitary ↑GnRH in Hypothalamus (secreted by Anterior Pituitary glands)

15. Hormones for catabolism of carbohydrates and lipids Glucagon Growth hormone(GH) Epinephrine Glucocorticoids, Thyroxine Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 *Insulin is __________ of carbohydrate and lipids.anabolism *However, GH and Thyroxine promotes protein synthesis  anabolism of protein.

16. Epinephrine Increase in stress. Produced in adrenal medulla ↑ Blood glucose by stimulating… -release glucose from liver (Glycogenesis) -Gluconeogenesis(making glucose from noncarbohydates)Glucocorticoids -Produced in adrenal cortex -Controlled by ACTH -Increased during prolonged fasting or exercise ↑Blood glucose by stimulating… - ↓cell glucose utilization -Gluconeogenesis(making glucose from noncarbohydates) ↑Lipolysis ↑protein breakdown in muscle. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

17. Thyroxine(T4) -Secreted in thyroxine by TSH. -response to low ATP -Increase cell respiration (to make more ATP) ↑ glucose utilization increase metabolic heat as a result of cell respiration.  Cold adaptation!! -participate in body growth and CNS in children. ↑ protein synthesis ↑ BMR(Basal metabolic rate) -Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism  Cause muscle wasting(protein breakdown) -No direct in lipid metaolism. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 (secreted by thyroid follicles) A person with hypothyroidism cannot stand being cold. Picture from http://abbeygracepink.com/?p=185

18. Thyroxine(T4) (cont’d) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 -act on nearly every cell in the body. -participate in catabolism of carbohydrates and lipids -Tend to elevate blood glucose. -participate in protein synhesis. “T4 and T3 tend to ELEVATE PLASMA GLUCE and potentiate the effects of other HYPERGLYCEMIC hormones..ie.. NE, E, cortisol, glucagon, and GH”

19. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

20. DiabetesType 1Type 2 onset< 20 years> 40 years SymptomsRapidSlow Proportion10%90% Ketoacidosis?CommonRare Obesityrarecommon Beta cells damaged?YesNo Insulin secreted?DecreasedMay be increased Immunity to isletsYesNo MHC associationYes? Treatment?InsulinDiet, exercise, medication From Dr. Wright’s slide

21. Vitamin D3 (VD3) Vitamin D3 (VD3) (1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) -Produce in the skin from sunlight  so, fall VD3 production during winter -PTH(parathyroid hormone) increase VD3 hormones -Increase Ca 2+ in blood by..... Reabsorption of calcium from intestine Reabsorption of calcium in kidneys Reabsorption CaPO4 crystals of bone In case of high calcium but normal phosphate VD3 – ↑reabsorption of phosphate and ↑reabsorption of calcium in the kidney. ↓ PTH - ↓ reabsorption of phosphate and ↑reabsorption of calcium in the kidney. See table 19.7 Endocrine regulation of Ca and phosphate balance Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

22. _____ -increase resorption in bone. -increase absorption in small intestine. -increase absorption in kidney.  therefore, (lower/rise) Ca 2+ level in blood. ________ - inhibits dissolution of bone - stimulates excretion of Ca 2+ in urine  therefore, (lower/rise) Ca 2+ level in blood. Calcitonin PTH Calcium levels regulated by hormone- ______________ calcitonin & PTH Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

23. When blood Ca2+ level rises…. Negative feedback! Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

24. When blood Ca2+ level falls…. Negative feedback! Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

25. Consequences of having low blood calcium -Result from inadequate amount of VD3 or low PTH  ↓Reabsorption Ca 2+ from bone, kidneys, and intestine  ↓ Blood Ca 2+  Bone demineralization to increase Blood Ca 2+ Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis rickets(in children) Bone demineralization – loss calcium from the bone Bone mineralization – deposit calcium into the bone Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010