1. Homework 9 Complete the flash card sheets to illustrate the key ideas about your population and settlement case studies One has been done for you, so you know what to do Tectonic Hazards Mt Etna Volcano (Italy) Montserrat Volcano Haiti Earthquake Christchurch Earthquake (New Zealand) Atmosperic Hazards Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Sandy Typhoon Haiyan/Cyclone Nargis Drought in Ethiopia (the Sahel) Drought in Australia Use your notes, revision guides and the internet to help

2. Mt Etna Volcano (Italy) 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: Mt Etna burst into life with a series of massive explosions in October 2002. There had been some warning the previous 48 hours with a series of earth tremors – later put down to magma rising up the main vent. The most recent eruptions happened in August 2014, however the damage caused was minimal Photo: PLCs (PLaCe facts): Pre-eruption tremors caused nearby land to subside by 2m October 2002 eruption In fact there have only been 77 confirmed deaths directly related to Mt. Etna over the thousands of years of recorded volcanic activity

3. Montserrat (Volcano) 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: Situated on a small island in the Caribbean. Soufriere Hills is situated on a destructive plate boundary. A destructive plate boundary is where two plates are forced towards each other by convection currents. Photo: PLCs (PLaCe facts): Dormant for over 300 years prior to 1995 Most intense eruption was in 1997 In 1995, the entire population of the island was evacuated

4. Haiti (Earthquake) 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: Situated on a plate boundary with the North American plate and is to the north of the Caribbean plate. Pressure often builds between these two plates and results in an earthquake eventually. Photo: PLCs (PLaCe facts): Over 200 000 people were estimated to have died.

5. Christchurch (Earthquake) 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: This earthquake had a magnitude of 6.3 and was catastrophic. It occurred on a conservative plate boundary. Photo: PLCs (PLaCe facts): 185 people died as a result Occurred on February 22 nd 2011

6. Hurricane Katrina/Sandy 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: Hurricane Sandy began as a tropical wave in the Caribbean. The wave turned into a dangerous storm in around 6 hours. Photo: PLCs (PLaCe facts): October 2011 285 people died as a result

7. Cyclone Nargis/ Typhoon Haiyan 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: Cyclone Nargis reached winds of 200km per hour and hugely affected a country known as Burma. Very little warning was given to residents in close by areas. Photo: PLCs (PLaCe facts): Occurred in May 2008 Around 200 people were estimated to have died

8. Drought in Ethiopia (Sahel) 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: The annual average rainfall is very low, around 100mm-200mm. The Sahel in Africa regularly experiences intense periods of dry weather from natural causes. Photo: PLCs (PLaCe facts): Population of around 50m people Life expectancy is very low (just over 50 years)

9. Drought in Australia 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: In El Nino years trade winds reverse, this caused Australia to experience very high pressure. Some scientist believe climate change is behind intensifying and prolonging the El Nino experience. Photo: PLCs (PLaCe facts): 2002-2009 Legislation was implemented e.g. car washing bans and 4-minute-long showers The rural suicide rate soared