1. Pangea and Continental Drift Mr. White 6 th Grade Earth Science

2. Alfred Wegener Born: Germany, 1880 PhD: Astronomy Profession: Meteorologist and Greenland Explorer Died: 1930 Became the “father of continental drift” by amassing considerable supporting evidence that the continents moved over time In 1915 Wegener published his work in The Origin of the Continents and Oceans.

3. Continental Drift Wegener was the first to advance the idea of mobile continents in 1912 He identified several lines of evidence to support the idea that the continents had drifted

4. What was the evidence and where did it come from? 1- Continental shape 2- Fossil remains 3- Sea Floor Depth (Global Bathymetry- SONAR) 4- Magnetic Stripes – A geomagnetic reversal is a change in the Earth's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged. The Earth's field has alternated between periods of normal polarity, in which the direction of the field was the same as the present direction, and reverse polarity, in which the field was in the opposite direction. 5- Paleoclimatology 6 - Mountain Soil Comparison

5. Evidence for continental drift Matching coastlines on different continents

6. Evidence for continental drift Distribution of fossils such as Mesosaurus Figure 2-6

7. Early Case for Continental Drift Puzzle-piece fit of coastlines of Africa and South America has long been known In early 1900s, Alfred Wegener noted South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia have almost identical late Paleozoic rocks and fossils –Glossopteris (plant), Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus (animals) fossils found on all five continents –Mesosaurus (reptile) fossils found in Brazil and South Africa only

8. Early Case for Continental Drift Wegener reassembled continents into the supercontinent Pangaea Pangea initially separated into Laurasia and Gondwanaland –Laurasia - northern supercontinent containing North America and Asia (excluding India) –Gondwanaland - southern supercontinent containing South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia Late Paleozoic glaciation patterns on southern continents best explained by their reconstruction into Gondwanaland Coal beds of North America and Europe support reconstruction into Laurasia

9. The presence of fossils only over small areas of now separate continents (how did they get from continent to continent?).

10. Evidence for continental drift Matching mountain ranges across oceans 300 million years agoToday

11. Ancient “cratons” within continents match up when they are brought together like a jigsaw puzzle.

12. Mountain formations were once connected

13. Evidence for continental drift Glacial ages and climate evidence

14. Objections to the continental drift model Wegener envisioned continents plowing through ocean basins Wegener did not provide a plausible mechanism to explain how the continents could have drifted apart Most Earth scientists rejected continental drift because it was Too far-fetched Contrary to the laws of physics

15. The theory of plate tectonics Continental drift was reexamined in the 1960s when new information became available Sea floor features became better known A technique was developed that enabled scientists to determine the original positions of rocks on Earth (paleomagnetism)

16. Evidence for plate tectonics Earth’s magnetic field affects all magnetic objects on Earth Figure 2-7

17. Evidence for plate tectonics When rocks cool at Earth’s surface, they record Earth’s magnetic field (normal or reversed polarity) Figure 2-9

18. Evidence for plate tectonics Paleomagnetic studies indicate alternating stripes of normal and reverse polarity at the mid-ocean ridge Pattern was created by sea floor spreading Figure 2-11

19. Evidence for plate tectonics Harry Hess envisioned new sea floor being created at the mid- ocean ridge and destroyed in deep ocean trenches Figure 2-10

20. Evidence for plate tectonics Age of the sea floor matches pattern predicted by sea floor spreading Youngest sea floor is at mid-ocean ridge Sea floor is older with increasing distance from mid- ocean ridge Figure 2-12

21. Evidence for plate tectonics Pattern of worldwide earthquakes (left) matches plate boundaries (right) Figure 2-13

22. Earth structure Chemical composition Crust Mantle Core Physical properties Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Outer core Inner core Figure 2-14

23. Principles of plate tectonics The outermost portion of Earth is composed of a mosaic of thin rigid plates (pieces of lithosphere) that move horizontally with respect to one another Plates interact with each other along their edges (called plate boundaries) Plate boundaries have a high degree of tectonic activity (mountain building, earthquakes, active volcanoes)

24. The 3 types of plate boundaries 1.Divergent 2.Convergent 3.Transform Figure 2-17

25. Divergent plate boundaries The Mid- Atlantic Ridge is a divergent plate boundary where sea floor spreading occurs Figure 2-18

26. Divergent plate boundaries Iceland sits atop a divergent plate boundary where continental rifting occurs Figure 2-19

27. Divergent plate boundaries Formation of an ocean basin by rifting and sea floor spreading Figure 2-20

28. Convergent plate boundaries Convergent plate boundaries vary depending on the type of crust Figure 2-23 a. Ocean-continent b. Ocean-ocean c. Continent-continent

29. Convergent plate boundaries An ocean- continent convergent plate boundary produces the Cascadia subduction zone and Cascade Mountains Figure 2-24

30. Convergent plate boundaries A continent- continent convergent plate boundary produces the Himalaya Mountains Figure 2-25

31. Transform plate boundaries Transform plate boundaries occur between segments of the mid-ocean ridge Can also occur on land (ex: San Andreas Fault) Figure 2-26

32. Hotspots and plate tectonics Hotspots are stationary and have abundant volcanic activity The lithospheric plate moves over the hotspot Creates a row of volcanoes progressively older toward one end (called a nematath) Figure 2-28

33. Stages of coral reef development If in tropical shallow water, coral reefs can form on the tops of volcanoes Fringing reef Barrier reef Atoll Figure 2-30

34. Atoll and barrier reefs in the Society Islands Figure 2-32

35. Satellite positioning of locations on Earth Shows good agreement with predicted plate motion Figure 2-33

36. Paleogeography: A look at the past The positions of continents and oceans have changed in the past Internet site showing more detailed maps Figure 2-34

37. The world as it may look 50 million years in the future Figure 2-35

38. End of Chapter 2 Essentials of Oceanography 7 th Edition