1. SOUTH AMERICA (CHAPTER 5: 238-251)

2. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES PHYSIOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS S AND THE AMAZON BASIN. POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY. CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY. REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST.

3. PLATE TECTONICS

4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

5. PRECIPITATION

6. THE INCA EMPIRE CULTURE HEARTH-INTERMONTANE BASIN AROUND CUZCO (1200-1535 A.D.) ALTIPLANOS WERE KEY TO SETTLEMENT PATTERNS. 20 MILLION SUBJECTS AT ITS ZENITH TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND INTEGRATION EFFORTS WERE MOST IMPRESSIVE. A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED STATE

7. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES & COLONIAL DOMAINS

8. SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES

9. Tropical-plantation Resembles Middle America’s Rimland Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar. Initially relied on African slave labor

10. CULTURE SPHERES European-commercial The most “Latin” part of South America Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslands Economically most advanced Transportation networks and quality of life are excellent.

11. CULTURE SPHERES Amerind-subsistence Correlates with the former Inca Empire Feudal socioeconomic structure persists Includes some of South America’s poorest areas Subsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.

12. CULTURE SPHERES Mestizo-transitional Surrounds the Amerindian- subsistence region A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally Transitional -- economic connotations

13. CULTURE SPHERES Undifferentiated Characteristics are difficult to classify. Sparsely populated Isolation and lack of change- notable features Development of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.

14. SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES Tropical-plantation European-commercial Amerind-subsistence Mestizo-transitional Undifferentiated

15. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION MERCOSUR LAUNCHED IN 1995 A SOUTHERN CONE COMMON MARKET INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY, AND PARAGUAY ANDEAN GROUP INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT) RESTARTED IN 1995 MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, PERU, ECUADOR, AND BOLIVIA

16. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (CONTINUED) GROUP OF THREE (G-3) FORMED IN 1995 INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND COLOMBIA A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMS TO PHASE OUT ALL TARIFFS BY 2005 NAFTA LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND CANADA IN 1995 AIMS TO INCLUDE CHILE

17. BARRIERS TO INTEGRATION A HOLLOW CONTINENT - WHY? PHYSIOGRAPHIC BARRIERS NON-COMPLEMENTARY ECONOMIES LACK OF DEVELOPED INFRASTRUCTURE INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES ORIENTED TOWARDS EUROPE AND THE US – NOT TOWARDS EACH OTHER

18. POLITICAL MAP

19. URBANIZATION THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIES THE PERCENTAGE OF A COUNTRY’S POPULATION LIVING IN CITIES 78% - CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA’S INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” AND INTERNAL MIGRATION THE “LATIN AMERICAN CITY” MODEL

20. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial CBD Commercial Spine

21. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector CBD

22. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity CBD

23. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity Zone in Situ Accretion CBD

24. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity Zone in Situ Accretion Zone of peripheral squatter settlements CBD

25. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity Zone in Situ Accretion Zone of peripheral squatter settlements CBD Disamenity

26. GLOBAL URBANIZATION Urban Population as a Percentage of Total Population in Different Areas of the World, 1950-2000

27. SOUTH AMERICA (CHAPTER 5: 238-251)