1. Essential Statistics Chapter 31 The Normal Distributions

2. Z-Score Explained u http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AT-HH0W_swA&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AT-HH0W_swA&feature=related Basics of Using the Std Normal Table u http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6sbghmHwQA&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6sbghmHwQA&feature=related Normal Distribution & Z-score u http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mai23vW8uFM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mai23vW8uFM&feature=related Essential Statistics Chapter 32

3. We’ll Learn The Topics u Review Histogram u Density Curve u Normal Distribution u 68 – 95 – 99.7 Rule u Z-score u Standard Normal Distribution Essential Statistics Chapter 33

4. Essential Statistics Chapter 34 Density Curves Example: here is a histogram of vocabulary scores of 947 seventh graders. -We can describe the histogram with a smooth curve, a bell- shaped curve. -It corresponding to a normal distribution Model.

5. Essential Statistics Chapter 35 Density Curves Example: the areas of the shaded bars in this histogram represent the proportion of scores that are less than or equal to 6.0. This proportion in the observed data is equal to 0.303.

6. Essential Statistics Chapter 36 Density Curves ■ now the area under the smooth curve to the left of 6.0 is shaded. ■ The scale is adjusted, the total area under the curve is exactly 1, this curve is called a density curve. ■ The proportion of the area to the left of 6.0 is now equal to 0.293.

7. Essential Statistics Chapter 37 Density Curves u Always on or above the horizontal axis u Have area exactly 1 underneath curve u Display the bell-shaped pattern of a distribution u A histogram becomes a density curve if the scale is adjusted so that the total area of the bars is 1.

8. Essential Statistics Chapter 38 Mean & Standard Deviation u The mean and standard deviation computed from actual observations (data) are denoted by and s, respectively u The mean and standard deviation of the distribution represented by the density curve are denoted by µ (“mu”) and  (“sigma”), respectively. u The mean of a density curve is the "balance point" of the curve.

9. Essential Statistics Chapter 39 Bell-Shaped Curve: The Normal Distribution standard deviation mean

10. Essential Statistics Chapter 310 The Normal Distribution ■ Knowing the mean (µ) and standard deviation (  ) allows us to make various conclusions about Normal distributions. ■ Notation: N(µ,  ).

11. Essential Statistics Chapter 311 68-95-99.7 Rule for Any Normal Curve u 68% of the observations fall within one standard deviation of the mean u 95% of the observations fall within two standard deviations of the mean u 99.7% of the observations fall within three standard deviations of the mean

12. Essential Statistics Chapter 312 68-95-99.7 Rule for Any Normal Curve 68% ++ -- µ +3  -3  99.7% µ +2  -2  95% µ

13. Essential Statistics Chapter 313 68-95-99.7 Rule for Any Normal Curve

14. Essential Statistics Chapter 314 Health and Nutrition Examination Study of 1976-1980 u Heights of adult men, aged 18-24 –mean: 70.0 inches –standard deviation: 2.8 inches –heights follow a normal distribution, so we have that heights of men are N(70, 2.8).

15. Essential Statistics Chapter 315 Health and Nutrition Examination Study of 1976-1980 u 68-95-99.7 Rule for men’s heights  68% are between 67.2 and 72.8 inches [ µ   = 70.0  2.8 ]  95% are between 64.4 and 75.6 inches [ µ  2  = 70.0  2(2.8) = 70.0  5.6 ]  99.7% are between 61.6 and 78.4 inches [ µ  3  = 70.0  3(2.8) = 70.0  8.4 ]

16. Essential Statistics Chapter 316 Health and Nutrition Examination Study of 1976-1980 u What proportion of men are less than 72.8 inches tall? ? 70 72.8 (height values) +1 ? = 84% 68% (by 68-95-99.7 Rule) 16%

17. Essential Statistics Chapter 317 Standard Normal Distribution u Z – Score u The standard Normal distribution N(0,1) is the Normal distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one u Normal distributions can be transformed to standard normal distributions by Z-score

18. Essential Statistics Chapter 318 Health and Nutrition Examination Study of 1976-1980 u What proportion of men are less than 68 inches tall? ? 68 70 (height values) How many standard deviations is 68 from 70?

19. Essential Statistics Chapter 319 Standardized Scores u standardized score (Z-score) = (observed value minus mean) / (std dev) [ = (68  70) / 2.8 =  0.71 ] u The value 68 is 0.71 standard deviations below the mean 70.

20. Essential Statistics Chapter 320 Health and Nutrition Examination Study of 1976-1980 u What proportion of men are less than 68 inches tall? -0.71 0 (standardized values) 68 70 (height values) ?

21. Essential Statistics Chapter 321 Table A: Standard Normal Probabilities u See pages 464-465 in text for Table A. (the “Standard Normal Table”) u Look up the closest standardized score (z) in the table. u Find the probability (area) to the left of the standardized score.

22. Essential Statistics Chapter 322 Table A: Standard Normal Probabilities

23. Essential Statistics Chapter 323 Table A: Standard Normal Probabilities z.00.02  0.8.2119.2090.2061.2420.2358  0.6.2743.2709.2676  0.7.01.2389

24. Essential Statistics Chapter 324 -0.71 0 (standardized values) 68 70 (height values) Health and Nutrition Examination Study of 1976-1980 u What proportion of men are less than 68 inches tall?.2389

25. Essential Statistics Chapter 325 Health and Nutrition Examination Study of 1976-1980 u What proportion of men are greater than 68 inches tall?.2389 -0.71 0 (standardized values) 68 70 (height values) 1 .2389 =.7611

26. Essential Statistics Chapter 326 Health and Nutrition Examination Study of 1976-1980 u How tall must a man be to place in the lower 10% for men aged 18 to 24?.10 ? 70 (height values)

27. Essential Statistics Chapter 327 u See pages 464-465 in text for Table A. u Look up the closest probability (to.10 here) in the table. u Find the corresponding standardized score. u The value you seek is that many standard deviations from the mean. Table A: Standard Normal Probabilities

28. Essential Statistics Chapter 328 Table A: Standard Normal Probabilities z.07.09  1.3.0853.0838.0823.1020.0985  1.1.1210.1190.1170  1.2.08.1003

29. Essential Statistics Chapter 329 Health and Nutrition Examination Study of 1976-1980 u How tall must a man be to place in the lower 10% for men aged 18 to 24? -1.28 0 (standardized values).10 ? 70 (height values)

30. Essential Statistics Chapter 330 Observed Value for a Standardized Score u Need to “reverse” the z-score to find the observed value (x) : u observed value = mean plus [(standardized score)  (std dev)]

31. Essential Statistics Chapter 331 Observed Value for a Standardized Score u observed value = mean plus [(standardized score)  (std dev)] = 70 + [(  1.28 )  (2.8)] = 70 + (  3.58) = 66.42 u A man would have to be approximately 66.42 inches tall or less to place in the lower 10% of all men in the population.

32. Essential Statistics Chapter 332

33. Essential Statistics Chapter 333

34. The Entry in Table A u Using random variable z to get the entrance in Table A. u Variable z is z-score which follows the standard normal distribution N(0, 1) u Z-score: u When search entry for a z value ♫ look up the most left column first, locate the most close value to z value ♫ look up the top row to locate the 2 th decimal place for a z value Essential Statistics Chapter 334

35. The Entry in Table A u Table A’s entry is an area underneath the curve, to the left of z u Table A’s entry is a percent of the whole area, to the left of z-score u Table A’s entry is a probability, corresponding to the z-score value. u Math formula: P (z ≤ z 0 ) = 0.xxxx P (z ≤ -0.71) = 0.2389 Essential Statistics Chapter 335

36. Problem type I  If z ≈ N(0, 1), P (z ≤ z 0 ) = ? u By checking the Table A, find out the answer. u For type I problem, check the table and get the answer directly. For example, P (z ≤ -0.71) = 0. 2389 Essential Statistics Chapter 336

37. Problem type II  If z ≈ N(0, 1), P (z ≥ z 0 ) = ? u This type’s problem, cannot check the table directly. Using the following operation. u P (z ≥ z 0 ) = 1 - (z ≤ z 0 ) u For example, p (z ≥ -0.71) = ? ◙ P (z ≥ -0.71) = 1 - (z ≤ - 0.71) = 1 – 0.2389 = 0.7611 Essential Statistics Chapter 337

38. Problem Type II Essential Statistics Chapter 338 -0.71 0 (standardized values) 68 70 (height values) 0.2389 0.7611

39. Problem Type III  If z ≈ N(0, 1),P ( z 2 ≤ z ≤ z 1 ) = ? random variable z is between two numbers u Look up z 1 →P 1 u Look up z 2 →P 2  The result is: P ( z 2 ≤ z ≤ z 1 ) = P 1 - P 2 u For example, P ( -1.4 ≤ z ≤ 1.3) = ? look up 1.3 P 1 = 0.9032 look up -1.4 P 2 = 0.0808 P ( -1.4 ≤ z ≤ 1.3) = 0.9032 – 0.0808 = 0.8224 Essential Statistics Chapter 339

40. Steps Summary u Write down the normal distribution N(µ,  ) for observation data set u Locate the specific observation value X 0 u Transform X 0 to be Z 0 by z-score formula u Check table A using random variable Z 0 to find out table entry P(z ≤ z 0 ) u If is problem type I, the result is P(z ≤ z 0 ) u If is problem type II, the result is: P (z ≥ z 0 ) = 1- P(z ≤ z 0 ) u If is problem type III, the result is: P ( z 2 ≤ z ≤ z 1 ) = P 1 - P 2 P 1 = P(z ≤ z 1 ), P 2 = P(z ≤ z 2 ) Essential Statistics Chapter 340