2. سلمان زالی معارف اسلامی و مدیریت دولتی و سیاستگذاری عمومی 89 اسفند ماه 1392 Research Proposal

3. o The research proposal is a plan for intended research. o Research proposals are documents prepared for two primary purposes: to help researchers articulate their plans for research to convince others (e.g., funders, colleagues, supervisors) that the plan for a research study is sound.  (The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods) Research Proposal

4.  Step 1: The Research Question and the Literature Review  Step 2: A General Description of the Proposed Research  Step 3: The Research Method  Step 4: The Report  Step 5: Proposal Review Research Proposal Writing Process

5.  All the researches begin with research questions.  What  How  Why  The first step in writing any research proposal is the definition of the research question.  It is critical to see the literature review as an integral part of defining the research question.  (Encyclopedia Of Case Study Research) Step 1: The Research Question and the Literature Review

6.  The second step is the general description of how the researcher plans to answer the research question.  This description should include:  why the question is important enough to answer,  who the intended audience of the completed research is,  and how the findings will be presented.  Here the researcher can show the assumptions that are being made.  He or she may want to clearly define the epistemological and conceptual underpinnings of the specific research paradigm being suggested. (Encyclopedia Of Case Study Research) Step 2: A General Description of the Proposed Research

7.  The third step is a thorough, detailed description of the research methods to be employed.  Here the researcher presents all aspects of the research design:  What sources of evidence will be used?  What are the units of analysis?  What combinations are being suggested here?(quantitative & qualitative evidences)  How will the data be analyzed?  How will the data be used to shed light on the case?  Will the researcher be able to generalize the study results to other contexts/populations? Step 3: The Research Method

8.  Given the complexity of case study research it is essential that all proposed components of the design meet the standard tests for validity and reliability.  There are three aspects of validity:  construct validity  internal validity  external validity  By providing a detailed blueprint of the research, a clear proposal will make it much easier to accurately document the actual research itself and thereby increase the likelihood of completing a reliable study.  (Encyclopedia Of Case Study Research) Step 3: The Research Method(2)

9.  The fourth step is for the researcher to ask how the findings will be presented.  The researcher should describe in the proposal what he or she thinks the findings will look like.  He or she should anticipate how much data there will be and how those data can best be presented.  The researcher needs to think about how he or she will show evidence of techniques such as triangulation or meta-synthesis or statistical analysis. Step 4: The Report

10.  The goal is parsimony: What will be done do to ensure that the findings are presented as clearly and concisely as possible and in such a way that the case is illuminated to the reader?  The researcher should consider the limitations of proposed study and clearly present these limitations in the proposal document.  (Encyclopedia Of Case Study Research) Step 4: The Report(2)

11.  It is critical that the proposal be presented to a group of peers and experienced case study researchers.  Many lessons have been painfully learned through conducting case study research.  This knowledge must be shared during the process of creating research proposals if researchers are not to continue making the same errors. Step 5: Proposal Review

12.  This iterative process is obviously critical to new researchers embarking on their first project; however, it is just as critical to experienced researchers embarking on their newest project.  Sharing hard-won knowledge is a key component of creating excellent case study research, and that exchange must begin as part of creating proposals for case study research.  (Encyclopedia Of Case Study Research) Step 5: Proposal Review(2)

13.  A proposal may consist of only a few pages, or it may be extensively detailed; in all cases, however, a proposal should be written so that others may comprehend it.  Research proposals require careful attention to detail and clear concise writing.  A proposal must be organized logically and should be presented consistently both conceptually and in its presentation.  Proposals outline plans for the future, so future tense is appropriate.  (The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods) Key points

14.  Often proposals are written for an “educated audience” rather than experts in a particular field.  Jargon should be avoided, and concepts and language specific to the field must be carefully defined.  Even concepts for which definitions are considered to be widely shared should be carefully defined both to ensure conceptual clarity for the researcher and to ensure mutual understanding by others.  (The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods) Key points(2)

15.  In general, care should be taken to ensure that the writer makes as few assumptions as possible about the substantive background and knowledge of the intended reader.  It is good practice to obtain feedback on draft versions to ensure completeness and accuracy.  (The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods) Key points(3)

16.  A research proposal ultimately is judged on whether a sufficient and convincing argument has been made for the research study.  That argument must be conceptually strong, the study plans must be feasible and logical.  (The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods) Key points(4)