1. Theoretical Genetics Beyond Mendel

2. Topics Non-Disjunction Co-Dominance Polygenic Traits Pedigree Chart Sex Linkage Linkage Group

3. Non-Disjunction Abnormal segregation of homologues during Anaphase I of meiosis Tetrads fail to separate Homologous chromosomes migrate into the same cell Results in gametes with extra, or missing, chromosomes. Ex. Trisomy 21 – Down Syndrome

6. Trisomy 21 - Characteristics ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

8. www.cdc.gov/Features/d sDownSyndrome/

10. Co-Dominance Also known as incomplete dominance Two dominant alleles can both be expressed in an organism’s phenotype example – Blood type: A and B are both dominant

17. oftentimes more than one gene influences a phenotype

19. Polygenic Traits A phenotype (physical trait) that is determined by more than one gene, often many Usually results in phenotypic values that display an incremental range in a bell shaped curve within a population Ex. Human height and weight

20. Bell Shaped Curve – Normal Distribution

21. Polygenic Traits show Normal Distribution

23. Pedigree Chart

24. Sex Linkage Traits, or genes, that are located on the X or Y sex chromosome Recall: XX = femaleXY = male Many sex linked diseases are recessive and found on the X chromosome Females can be heterozygous carriers (or afflicted), males are always afflicted. X H X h X h Y

25. Sample Question What is a difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes? A.Autosomes are not found in gametes but sex chromosomes are. B.Sex chromosomes are found in animal cells and autosomes are found in plant cells. C.Autosomes are diploid and sex chromosomes are haploid. D.Sex chromosomes determine gender and autosomes do not.

32. Sample Question – Sex Linkage A male and female with normal color vision each have a father who is color blind. They are planning to have children. Predict, showing your working, the possible phenotypes and genotypes of male and female children.

33. Linkage Group Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles of different traits segregate independent from one another. But, this is only true if the genes are located on different chromosomes. Why?

34. Linkage Group A linkage group consists of genes for different traits, found on the same chromosome. The alleles of the traits do not separate, they must move into the same gamete together during meiosis. The exception is if the alleles are separated by crossing over during prophase I.

35. The closer two genes are located on a chromosome, the less likely the alleles will separate during crossing over

37. Sample Question In garden peas, the pairs of alleles coding for seed shape and seed colour are unlinked. The allele for smooth seeds (S) is dominant over the allele for wrinkled seeds (s). The allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the allele for green seeds (y). If a plant of genotype Ssyy is crossed with a plant of genotype ssYy, which offspring are recombinants? A.SsYy and Ssyy B.SsYy and ssYy C.SsYy and ssyy D. Ssyy and ssYy

38. Sample Question A cross is performed between two organisms with the genotypes AaBb and aabb. What genotypes in the offspring are the result of recombination? A.Aabb, AaBb B.AaBb, aabb C.aabb, Aabb D.Aabb, aaBb

39. Sample Question A polygenic character is controlled by two genes each with two alleles. How many different possible genotypes are there for this character? A.2 B.4 C.9 D.16 AaBB aaBB AABB AABb AAbb aabb Aabb AaBb aaBb

40. Sample Question In Zea mays, the allele for coloured seed (C) is dominant over the allele for colourless seed (c). The allele for starchy endosperm (W) is dominant over the allele for waxy endosperm (w). Pure breeding plants with coloured seeds and starchy endosperm were crossed with pure breeding plants with colourless seeds and waxy endosperm. (a)State the genotype and the phenotype of the F 1 individuals produced as a result of this cross. genotype............................................................................................................... phenotype................................................................................................................ (b)The F 1 plants were crossed with plants that had the genotype c c w w. Calculate the expected ratio of phenotypes in the F 2 generation, assuming that there is independent assortment. Use the space below to show your working.