1. Copyright © 2011, Terry Hudson Session 3

2. Copyright © 2011, Terry Hudson Chapter 9– Arguments of Definition Formal Definitions Formal Definitions Operational Definitions Operational Definitions Definitions by Example Definitions by Example

3. Copyright © 2011, Terry Hudson Chapter 10 – Evaluations Quantitative Evaluations Quantitative Evaluations Qualitative Evaluations Qualitative Evaluations

4. Copyright © 2011, Terry Hudson Chapter 11 – Causal Arguments Understanding Causal Arguments Understanding Causal Arguments States a cause and then examines its effects States a cause and then examines its effects State an effect then traces to its cause State an effect then traces to its cause Moves through series of links Moves through series of links Characterizing Causal Arguments Characterizing Causal Arguments Always complex Always complex Often definition based Often definition based Yields probable rather than absolute conclusions Yields probable rather than absolute conclusions

5. Copyright © 2011, Terry Hudson Causal Arguments (Cont) Key Features Question every cause-effect relationship Question every cause-effect relationship Show high probability Show high probability Assess any links Assess any links Causal chains accurate Causal chains accurate Consider multiple causes or effects Consider multiple causes or effects

6. Copyright © 2011, Terry Hudson Chapter 16 – What Counts as Firsthand Evidence Observations Observations Interviews Interviews Surveys and Questionnaires Surveys and Questionnaires Experiments Experiments Personal Experience Personal Experience

7. Copyright © 2011, Terry Hudson Chapter 16 – What Counts as Secondhand Evidence Library Sources Library Sources Library databases Library databases Subject headings and keywords Subject headings and keywords Library catalogues Library catalogues Non-print media Non-print media Online Sources Online Sources Categories Categories Keywords Keywords