1. © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Population Geography of LA  Growth  Fertility  Mortality  Age structure Urbanization in LA  Spatial patterns  Causes & consequences

2. © T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME- Questions? Agriculture and rural development continued  V: Internal Colonization of Tropical Lowlands - Amazonia  The issue of lowland tropical deforestation Mexican Agriculture- an example of a dual system Other examples of Commercial Agriculture in LA

3. © T. M. Whitmore Population (2007 estimates) Latin America & Caribbean ~ 569 m USA ~ 302 m World ~ 6,525 m Caribbean ~ 40 m Central America (with Mexico) ~ 148 m Mexico ~ 106.5 m South America (with Brazil ~ 381 m) Brazil ~ 189 m Mexico + Brazil ~ 295.5 m (> ½ of LA; ~ USA)

4. © T. M. Whitmore Demography: Growth related Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)  Meaning of “crude” in demography  Crude Birth Rate (CBR): live births/1000 pop in a given year  Crude Death Rate (CDR): deaths/1000 pop in a given year  CBR - CDR = RNI (assumes no migration) in a given year

5. © T. M. Whitmore Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)/yr Latin America ~ 1.5%/yr USA ~ 0.6%/yr World ~ 1.2%/yr More Developed World ~ 0.1%/yr Lesser developed world ~ 1.5% - 1.8%/yr Caribbean ~ 1.1%/yr Central America (including Mexico) ~ 1.8% Mexico ~ 1.7 %/yr South America (including Brazil) ~ 1.5%/yr  Brazil ~ 1.4%/yr Notable extremes Historical trends: 1950s - 1980s  Declining but less rapidly now

6. © T. M. Whitmore Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = average total number of births to a woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR) ~ 2.1 => parents only replacing themselves (called replacement level fertility)  need the extra 0.1 due to childhood deaths

7. © T. M. Whitmore Fertility (TFR) Latin America ~ 2.5 USA ~ 2.1 World ~ 2.7 More Developed World ~ 1.6 Lesser developed world ~ 2.9 - 3.3 Caribbean ~ 2.5 Central America (including Mexico) ~ 2.7 Mexico ~ 2.4 South America (including Brazil) ~ 2.4 Brazil ~ 2.3 Notable extremes

8. © T. M. Whitmore Death related (mortality) Mortality  measured by “life expectancy at birth” (E o) = AVERAGE projected span of life at the date for a poplife expectancy at birthE o Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)IMR  # deaths of infants (< 1yr)/1000 live births in a given yr

9. © T. M. Whitmore Life expectancy at birth (E o) Latin America ~ 73 yrs USA ~ 78 World ~ 68 More Developed World ~ 77 Lesser developed world ~ 64 – 66 Caribbean ~ 71 Central America (including Mexico) ~ 74 Mexico ~ 75 South America (including Brazil) ~ 72 Brazil ~ 72 Individual extremes

10. © T. M. Whitmore Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Closely correlated with E o & very diagnostic of social underdevelopment and poverty Latin America ~ 24 (per 1000 live births -or 2.9%) USA ~ 6.5 World ~ 52 More Developed World ~ 6.0 Lesser developed world ~ 57 – 61 Caribbean ~ 38 Central America (including Mexico) ~ 23 Mexico ~ 21 South America (including Brazil) ~ 24 Brazil ~ 27 Individual extremes

11. © T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - youth Youthful pops: % of pop < 15 years old USA 20% World 28%  Lesser developed World 31% - 34%  More Developed World ~ 17% Latin America 30%  Central America with Mexico 33%  Caribbean 28%  South America 29% Latin American extremes & consequences

12. © T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - aged Aged pops: (> 65) USA 12% World 7%  Lesser developed World 5-6% Latin America 6%  Central America with Mexico 5%  Caribbean 8%  South America 6% Latin American extremes & consequences

13. © T. M. Whitmore Population age structures Population pyramidpyramid Concept of dependency ratio  (pop aged 0-15 + pop aged 65+) *100/ Pop age 15-65 USA dependency ratio  100*(20% +12%)/68% = 47 Developing world dependency ratio  100*(34% + 5%)/61% = 64 Latin America dependency ratio  100*(30% + 6%)/64% = 56

14. © T. M. Whitmore

16. Geographic distribution of population High density zones High Low density zones Low  South America’s “empty heart”  Arid zones in N Mexico & Southern Cone

17. © T. M. Whitmore Urbanization Proportion of a country’s pop living in cities  World = 49%  Global South = 42-43%  Global North = 75%  USA = 79%  LA = 76% LA Extremes in LA Large city urbanization in LA (% in cities > 1 million)

18. © T. M. Whitmore Urbanization II Mega-cities  Emerging Megalopolis zones  Central Mexico Central Mexico  South Brazil triangle & Río de la Plata South Brazil triangle Concept of primacy  Single city in a country that dominates in pop, culture, economic development, etc.  Examples: Examples  Santo Domingo  Guatemala City  Mexico City  Lima

25. LA cities in World’s top 100 (19 of the top 100)

29. © T. M. Whitmore Roots of urban growth Demographic  R—to—Urban migration  Natural increase Economic  Industrialization  Rural stagnation Organizations  Banks and governments

30. © T. M. Whitmore Benefits from urban growth Efficient provision of social services Cities are centers of information flow and knowledge Concentrated (and better educated?) labor pool Physical infrastructure often better Cities concentrate “human capital” Cities are a huge internal markets Easier linkages between industries Cities are often “better off”

31. © T. M. Whitmore Urban growth I Housing  First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums  Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city Elite  Often close juxtaposition of rich and poorjuxtaposition

32. © T. M. Whitmore Elite housing, Santo Domingo

33. Mexico City country club

34. Mexican stock exchange

35. © T. M. Whitmore Wealthy homes in Morelia

36. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Elite house Cuidad Juarez

37. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

38. © T. M. Whitmore Urban growth II Planned developments Self-help (often squatter) “slum” housing Self-help (often squatter) “slum” housing  Favelas (Brazil), colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.  Seen as places of permanence  25-40% of total pop in some cities  Initially settlements lack infrastructure  A main characteristic is improvementimprovement New purchased housing

39. Planned new housing area in Mexico City

40. Nezahualcoyotl: Planned housing area in Mexico City

41. Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people

42. Squatter housing in Mexico City

43. Mexico City inner city

44. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Squatters outside Lima

45. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

46. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR

47. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

48. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

49. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

50. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Lima

51. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico

52. © T. M. Whitmore

53. Formal sector housing, Saltillo

54. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

55. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

56. 300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, complex has more than 10,000!

57. Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish

58. © T. M. Whitmore Urban growth III Subsidy and Sink effects Congestion Pollution Loss of urban open space Poor provision of basic servicesservices Export of problems Poverty generally Employment not always good

59. Mexico City on a rare clear day

60. More typical Mexico City day

61. © T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

62. © T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

63. © T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

64. © T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City