1. Vocationalisation of Secondary Education Revisited: An Overview L. Efison Munjanganja UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre

2. Revisiting question of vocationalisation Debate raged for nearly 40 years Continuing interest in the question Improving relevance of education to world of work, getting better employment outcomes for learners remain important policy goals Book asks and explores relative success with vocationalisation Spotlight shifting to secondary education in light of achievements on primary education under EFA & MDG initiatives Vocationalisation refers to providing light dosage of vocational skills and knowledge – work orientation

3. Some main issues Weak effectiveness and internal efficiency, and poor resources at secondary vocational schools Suggested reconceptualisation of Secondary education to prepare learners for life, work and further education and training Convergence of general and vocational education

4. Some main issues Influence of general education goals on vocational education Vocational courses more generally more costly Lack of integration of vocational courses across the secondary education curriculum Forms of assessment affect learning and teaching of vocational subjects Interest in some vocational courses among learners, parents and community

5. Some main issues Weak learners more interested in vocational courses Lack of articulation of vocationalised secondary courses to further education affecting interest of students Lack of links between schools and world of work Lack of suitably qualified teachers Inadequate resources be they finances, equipment, and facilities hinder successful implementation Employment outcomes for learners better in growing economies and not in depressed labour markets

6. Lessons Policies to focus on achievable and to be acceptable to stakeholders Systematic implementation needed Awareness of costs Suitably trained vocational teachers Curriculum based on demand, and integrated across the curriculum Suitable forms of assessment Avoidance of gender bias Better employment outcomes achieved in growing economies Little research evidence available on effects of vocationalisation on paid jobs and self-employment Designating regional secondary vocational schools with suitably qualified teachers, adequate finances, and facilities and programmes linked to world of work

7. Conclusions Suitably training teachers and suitable forms of assessment needed Balanced curriculum to impart key competencies or skills and knowledge values for the world of work, including ICT Recommended provision of adequate resources, finances Questions for further research outlined