1. Energy Efficiency Design Index – An Update
Dr Zabi Bazari
Ship Energy Services Manager
Lloyd’s Register, London, UK.
RINA Lecture, 2 February 2012, London, UK.

2. Content Introduction EEDI formula and Attained EEDI
Reference lines and Required EEDI
EEDI verification
IMO workplan and outcome of January 2012 meeting
Likely impacts
Conclusions

3. Introduction
Detail 3

4. IMO initiatives for GHG emissions control
EEDI
IMO Initiatives
MBMs
EEOI
SEEMP
Ship owner / operator
Owners / Charterers
Shipyard
Regulatory status:
EEDI / SEEMP: Mandatory from 1st January 2013
EEOI: Voluntary
MBMs: Early discussions
Detail 4 4

5. New Chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex VI
IMO MEPC 62 in July 2011 agreed to a new Chapter 4 in MARPOL Annex VI entitled “Regulations on Energy Efficiency of Ships”.
This includes addition of new Regulations 19 to 23
Regulation 19 is on Application domain of Chapter 4
Regulations 20 is on “Attained EEDI”
Regulations 21 is on “Required EEDI”
Regulation 22 is on SEEMP
Regulation 23 is on “Technical co-operation and technology transfer”
There are quite a number of Guidelines in support of the above regulations. 5

6. Attained EEDI and Required EEDI
Detail 6

7. Attained EEDI: Calculation formula (MEPC Circ.681)
Main Engine
Aux Engine (s)
Innovative Energy Eff. Power Gen. Technologies
Innovative Energy Eff. Prop. Technologies
fc.
EEDI =
[gCO2/(tonne.nm)]
Detail
Boilers are excluded from EEDI! 7

8. EEDI parameters EEDI = Capacity: Main power: PME=0.75MCR
Carbon factor
Ice class factor
Auxiliary power:
PME >=10000KW：
PAE＝0.025Me＋250
PME < 10000KW：
PAE＝0.05Me
Capacity factor
Wave factor
Capacity:
DWT: Bulk carriers,Containers,
Tankers,Gas carriers,cargo ships,etc.
GTR: Passenger Ship
Shaft Motor
Waste Heat
Energy Saving
Main power:
PME=0.75MCR
EEDI =
Attained Speed fc
[gCO2/(tonne.nm)]

9. Reference lines Reference lines are ship specific.
They are part of Regulation 22 (in equation form).
All new ship types, for inclusion in regulation, require a new reference line.

10. Required EEDI Required EEDI: The regulatory limit for EEDI.
Cut Off
Reference Line
Linear range
Required EEDI: The regulatory limit for EEDI.
Required EEDI = (1 – X/100)*Reference Value
Where:
X is the Reduction Rate.
Reference Value is calculated from Reference Line.
Attained EEDI ≤ Required EEDI

11. Implementation stages and reduction rates
EEDI implementation phases are:
Phase – 2014
Phase – 2019
Phase – 2024
Phase – ……
Reduction rate for the above phases are as in diagram.

12. Ship types subject of current EEDI regulations
Attained EEDI: Following ships over 400 GT*:
Bulk carrier
Gas carrier
Tanker
Container ship
General cargo ship
Refrigerated cargo carrier
Combination carrier
Passenger ships
Ro-ro cargo ship (vehicle carrier)
Ro-ro cargo ship
Ro-ro passenger ship
Required EEDI: Following ships above cut off limits:
* excluding ships with diesel-electric, turbine or hybrid propulsion

13. Start of ship construction
EEDI Verification process
Shipowner
Shipbuilder
Verifier
Pre-Verification
Basic Design , Tank Test*,
EEDI Calculation
Development of EEDI Technical File
Application for EEDI
pre-verification
Submission of EEDI Technical File
Verification:
- EEDI Technical File
- additional information
Issuance of
Statement of Compliance
Submission of additional information
Start of ship construction
Final Verification
Application for EEDI
verification
Verification:
- sea trial condition
- ship speed
- revised EEDI Technical File
Issuance of
IEEC (International Energy efficiency Certificate)
Sea Trial
Modification and Resubmission of EEDI Technical File
Delivery of ship
* To be conducted by a test organisation or a shipbuilder itself.

14. Major aspects of verification
Verification of speed-power curve for Vref:
Tank test observation
Speed trial observation
Scaling method from “trial conditions” to “EEDI conditions”
Correction for environmental conditions.
Verification of “energy saving technologies”
Availability factors (feff)
Power levels
Verification of various correction factors:
Ice-class (fj)
Weather factor (fw)
Design capacity factor (fi)
Cubic capacity factor (fc)

15. Some other major verification challenges
Exact model?
Numerical tools for calculation, scaling, pre-verification, etc.?
Shipyards’ and tank test facilities’ proprietary data?
Uncertainly levels and if there is a need for formal uncertainty analysis?
How to ensure consistency amongst various organisations:
ROs
Shipyards
Tank test organisations

16. List of the EEDI-related Guidelines
Guideline for calculation of EEDI
Guidelines for survey and verification of EEDI
Guidelines for minimum power of ship for safe operation.
Guidelines for validation of ship electric power table (EPT).
Guidelines for verification of innovative technologies

17. EEDI Reduction Methods
Detail 17

18. EEDI reduction methods
Capacity (deadweight) increase
Advanced technologies:
Existing/proven technologies
Emerging technologies
Renewable energy technologies
Alternative fuels:
LNG
Speed reduction
Reduction rate
DWT
EEDI
Baseline
(3) Application of new technology
(1) DWT enlargement
Average EEDI of current ships
(no effort for efficiency improvement)
(2) Speed reduction
Efficiency improvement by design change
A: efficiency improvement
MEPC60/4/35 Japan, Norway, US
Detail 18

19. EEDI reduction likely options – Average VLCC

20. IMO GHG Future Work Plan
Detail 20

21. Work still to be done by the IMO

22. Progress in Inter-sessional WG meeting
(9-13 January 2012)
Detail 22

23. Changes to EEDI formula
Cubic Capacity Factors for Chemical Tankers (fc):
Based on the ratio of summer deadweight to volumetric capacity (R)
To be calculated according to the formula fc = R^(-0.7) – 0.014, where fc = 1 when R = 0.98
Cubic Capacity Factor for LNG (fc)
To be calculated from Fc = R^(-0.56)
Design Capacity Factor for Voluntary Structural Enhancement (fiVSE).
Design Capacity Correction Factor for ships built to Common Structural Rules (fiCSR).
Detail 23

24. New guidelines, non-conventional ships, etc
New guidelines for verification of innovative technologies:
Japan presented draft guidelines
Dealing with wind, solar, heat recovery, etc.
For each of the above technologies, there will be guidelines for calculation and verification.
EEDI for Non-Conventional Ships
Reference line for cruise ships
Reference line for RoRo ships
Reference line for RoPax ships
Shaft generator:
Incorporation of a new formulation for shaft generator.
Also, cases where propulsion shaft power is limited and can be verified, there will be no need to use main engine power.
Detail 24

25. Impact of EEDI on Industry
Detail 25

26. Likely impacts More energy efficient ships and ship technologies
Slower speed ships
More use of alternative fuels
More expensive ships/marine transport (excluding fuel)
More optimised and complex designs with likely impacts on:
Reliability/safety
Maintainability
Likely modal shift of freight transport to land and air
EEDI will become commercially sensitive if used for:
Existing ships
Fuel efficiency-based chartering
Reward-based marine MBMs or financial incentives 26

27. Concluding Remarks
The EEDI regulations are now in place and will come into force from 1st January 2013.
A number of guidelines are under development and will be finalised in 2012 in support of the above.
Verification of EEDI pauses a number of major issues.
There are a number of solutions to reduce EEDI including alternative fuels, alternative technologies and reduced ship speed.
The EEDI impacts on shipping economics, safety and transportation competitiveness are still being investigated.
Overall, it is anticipated that the EEDI will have a big impact on future of shipping industry.

28. Any questions?