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Alan Brinkley, American History 14/e
Chapter 2: Transplantations and Borderlands
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© 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Highlights The Early Chesapeake The Growth of New England
The Restoration Colonies Borderlands and Middle Grounds The Evolution of the British Empire © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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New England Colonies New Hampshire Massachusetts (Maine is part of MA)
Rhode Island Connecticut
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Middle Colonies New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware
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Chesapeake Colonies Maryland Virginia
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Southern Colonies North Carolina South Carolina Georgia
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Early Chesapeake – VA Early English attempts to transplant English society were carried out by joint-stock companies chartered by the Crown Virginia Company settled the first permanent colony in VA in 1607 (Jamestown)
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The Early Chesapeake – VA
The Founding of Jamestown Early Problems Jamestown was hampered by high mortality Site was low, swampy, and in the Powhatan territory Settlers were prone to disease, especially malaria Settlers were mostly men with few useful skills No sense of community John Smith – leader of Jamestown settlers 1608 – he imposed order and discipline fewer deaths However, after he left, problems arose (even with more immigrants and supplies)
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The Early Chesapeake – VA
Starving Time Initially, Powhatan Indians showed English how to cultivate maize (corn) By winter of , their relationship went downhill Survivors were reinforced by continued immigration and governors achieved stability by implementing harsh regimes
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The Early Chesapeake – VA
VA achieved stability and modest success with: Private property John Rolfe’s intro of tobacco Influx of skilled workers Indentured servants Headright system House of Burgesses Intro of African labor Virginia and Carolina, (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
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The Early Chesapeake – VA
Suppression of the Powhatan Indians Fighting occurred with Powhatans due to land expansion with headright system Pocahontas captured; Powhatans scale back 1622 – Powhatan attack Jamestown, killing 25% of the population 1644 – Colonists pursue strategy of suppression that ended Powhatan threat Demise of the Virginia Company 1622 attacks drove them into bankruptcy 1624 – King revokes charter, makes it a royal colony
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The Growth of the Chesapeake, 1607-1750
The Early Chesapeake The Growth of the Chesapeake, © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Non-Indian Population of the Chesapeake, 1607-1700
The Early Chesapeake The Non-Indian Population of the Chesapeake, © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Early Chesapeake – MD
Maryland and the Catholic Calverts George Calvert (aka Lord Baltimore) awarded Maryland Proprietary Rule MD seen as both a commercial venture and a refuge for English Catholics Invited Protestants to MD to help with commercial goals Religious Toleration “Act Concerning Religion,” or “Act of Toleration of 1649” protected Catholic minority; caused conflicts
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Colonization of Maryland
© 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Early Chesapeake – MD
Large land grants from the proprietors established a powerful land autocracy Instability in Maryland resulted from warfare among the settlers rather than with the Indians Maryland used the Headright system, indentured servants, and eventually slaves to cultivate tobacco Both MD and VA prospering by mid 17th century due to tobacco
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The Early Chesapeake – VA
Sir William Berkeley Governor who attempted to resolve conflicts by settling aside land areas for the natives and restricting English settlement in those areas This furthered damaged the already shaky relationship between “backcountry gentry” and eastern aristocrats Nathaniel Bacon, a backcountry landowner, defied Berkeley and attacked Indians (1676)
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© 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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© 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Early Chesapeake – VA
Bacon’s Rebellion Twice, Bacon attacked Jamestown Berkely regained control Bacon died of dysentery and troops arrived from England Bacon’s Rebellion left Indians in a weaker position with less territory Revealed: The unwillingness of the English to honor agreements with Indians The bitterness between eastern and western interests Dangers of an unstable landless population
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The Growth of New England
New England, (Royalty-Free/CORBIS) © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Growth of New England
Plymouth Puritan dissenters from the Church of England known as Puritan Separatists founded the first lasting settlement in New England after first moving to Holland to escape Anglican repression Obtained permission to settle in America 1620 a small group aboard the Mayflower settled at Plymouth, north of Cape Cod Mayflower Compact: established a civil government based on majority rule
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The Mayflower at Plymouth (Scenics of America PhotoLink/Getty Images)
© 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Growth of New England
Relations with Indians Massachusetts Indians were less able to resist Europeans (weakened by disease) Even with the assistance of Squanto and Samoset, half the Pilgrims died in the first winter Sustained community with the belief they were fulfilling God’s will
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The Growth of New England
Massachusetts Bay Another group, the Puritans, many of whom were merchants, obtained a charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company 1000 colonists arrived in the area around Boston in 1630 The Massachusetts charter served as a foundation for the government John Winthrop = governor
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The Growth of New England
Theocratic Society Puritan villages each regulated their own affairs Seeing themselves as an example of a godly community to purify England created “a city upon a hill” to be an example to the world Winthrop felt they founded a holy commonwealth The clergy and the government worked closely together created a theocracy Only male church members, aka the “saints,” would vote or hold office
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The Growth of New England
Boston Harbor (Library of Congress) © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Growth of New England
Economic Prosperity and Religious Dissent The following created rapid growth in NE: Strong sense of community Continuing influx of immigrants Aid from the Indians and Pilgrims Strong sense of religious purpose Puritans left England to practice their religion, but they did not support religious freedom Those who did not accept Puritan orthodoxy were forced to leave Massachusetts
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The Growth of New England
© 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Growth of New England
The Non-Indian Population of New England, © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Growth of New England
Connecticut Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister, settled with his congregation at Hartford in 1639 Adopted a written constitution New Haven merged with Hartford in 1662 Rhode Island Roger Williams, a Puritan minister, founded Providence after being banished from Massachusetts in 1635 Believed for complete separation of church & state Established no church & supported religious freedom
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The Growth of New England
Anne Hutchinson She preached in her home what was criticized as Antinomian heresy That only those who had a conversion experience could be one of the elect That good works alone were not sufficient proof of sainthood She criticized established clergy, crossed the boundary of a woman’s proper role, and claimed to have direct communication with God Banished to Newport, RI in 1637
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© 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Growth of New England
Indian Relations At first (due to low numbers to fight), they provided assistance to settlers, sold their land, and traded fur Taught Europeans local crops & ag. techniques However…conflict arose when settlers moved inland Puritans critical of “heathen” Indians Most Puritans accepted removal or extermination to resolve the “Indian problem”
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The Growth of New England
Indians way of life threatened as colonists: Cleared forests Drove off game Allowed roaming livestock to destroy native crops Introduced alcohol Infected natives with disease The native population decline precipitously
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The Growth of New England
Conflicts with Indians The Pequot War -1637 Competition over land; Puritans brutally kill Indians King Philip’s War Metacomet, or King Philip of the Wampanoag tribe, struck back against colonists Settlers allied with Mohawks Indian threat diminished but not eliminated Flintlock Musket – new English technology that raised the casualty rate, making it the bloodiest Indian battle of the time
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The Restoration Colonies
The English Civil War Origins Cavaliers and Roundheads Charles I beheaded Oliver Cromwell The Stuart Restoration (Charles II) New Proprietary, or “Restoration” Colonies Carolina New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Oliver Cromwell (Portrait Gallery)
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The Restoration Colonies
The Carolinas Eight proprietors received land from VA to GA with nearly absolute power They hoped to profit as landlords and land speculators Aided by philosopher John Locke, the proprietors drafted a constitution actual settlement did not follow it
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The Restoration Colonies
North and South Carolina Family subsistence farming developed in the north In the more cosmopolitan and aristocratic south cultivation of rice and trade were the major commercial ventures African slaves brought to the colony, leading to a plantation-based society Tensions between north and south ended when the king separated them into two colonies in 1729
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Virginia and Carolina, 1638 (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
© 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Restoration Colonies
New York Charles II granted his brother James II, Duke of York, land that was the Dutch land of New Netherland York established his claim to this land in 1664 when the English captured New Amsterdam (present day NYC) Renamed it New York Colony had a diverse population and allowed religious tolerance and a democratic-style government
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The Restoration Colonies
New Jersey James (Duke of York) granted his lands south of New York to John Berkeley and George Cateret The colony of New Jersey contained enormous ethnic and religious diversity After a decade, it became a royal colony
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The Restoration Colonies
Pennsylvania William Penn, a Quaker, became the proprietor of this land (he was owed a large debt by the king) Quakers in PA rejected the Puritan concepts of predestination, original sin, and believed all people contained the inner light that could lead to salvation Women were equal to men in church Democratic, pacifist, unwelcome in England William Penn allowed for their refuge
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The Restoration Colonies
Pennsylvania William Penn attracted settlers throughout Europe PA became the most cosmopolitan of all American colonies Penn purchased land from Indians His holy experiment practiced some degree of democracy with its representative assembly
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Borderlands and Middle Grounds
The Caribbean Islands Spain claimed all Caribbean islands, but only settled a few England settled on some without consent Sugarcane = cash crop Barbados hub for English Sugarcane (C. McIntyre/PhotoLink/Getty Images) © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Borderlands and Middle Grounds
The Seventeenth Century Caribbean © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Borderlands and Middle Grounds
Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean Slave Revolts Unstable Societies Connection to British North America Making molasses in Barbados (New York Public Library) © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Borderlands and Middle Grounds
The Southeastern Borderlands Spanish in Florida were more of a direct threat than Spanish in the Southwest Settlement was centered around St. Augustine in the east and Pensacola on the Gulf Coast Tensions between English and Spanish arose frequently
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Borderlands and Middle Grounds
The Founding of Georgia James Oglethorpe took control in 1732 Georgia’s Military Rationale Used as a buffer from the Spanish Transformation of Georgia Stifling laws at first removed to help growth, which was slow
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Borderlands and Middle Grounds
Savannah in 1734 (I.N. Phelps Stokes Collection of American Historical Prints, New York Public Library) © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Evolution of the British Empire
The Drive for Reorganization Mercantilism By 1650, the success of the colonial system demanded a more organized imperial structure Mercantilism increased England’s wealth by: Prohibiting colonies from trading with foreign nations Using colonies for raw materials Selling manufactured goods to the colonial market The Navigation Acts Created to counter Dutch shipping competition, they: Required colonial trade to be carried in British ships Required certain products be directly sent to England Required all European goods to pass through England before they went to the colonies
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The Evolution of the British Empire
The Dominion of New England Britain had been increasing imperial control over the American colonies by gradually converting them to royal colonies 1686 – King united NE colonies into the Dominion of New England James II abolished existing representative assemblies and appointed Edmund Andros as its single governor His rigid rule made him unpopular
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The Evolution of the British Empire
Glorious Revolution King James II was losing support in both England and in the colonies 1688 Parliament asks his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to take the thrown James II fled & Glorious Revolution endures Dominion of New England dissolves Jacob Leisler, a German immigrant merchant, challenges the ruling New York elite He ruled for 2 years, but was tried for treason and hanged
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The Evolution of the British Empire
Where the colonies are at this point: Allowed certain rights and freedoms for colonists However, they were more closely bound to royal authority in some respects by the end of the century © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SOURCE 2:
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