1. 1 CRed Carbon Reduction Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А д-р технических наук Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation Low Carbon Workshop What we can all do to save the planet from the consequences of Global Warming

2. 2 Time is getting short to save the planet IPCC climate report of 2500 Scientists – November 2007. World is dying, but can we unite to save it? Pollution in the seas from burning fossil fuels is now speeding global warming increases in droughts, heatwaves floods famine poor and elderly will suffer most Can we all agree what to do by 2010? 18 th November 2007

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4. 4 Total winter precipitation Total summer precipitation Source: Tim Osborne, CRU Change in precipitation 1961-2001

5. 5 Increasing Occurrence of Drought

6. 6 Source: Tim Osborne, CRU Increasing Occurrence of Flood

7. 7 1979 2003 Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003 Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region NASA satellite imagery الصيف الجليد في القطب الشمالي تغطية المنطقة القطبيه ناسا الصور الفضاءيه Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html 20% reduction in 24 years 20 ٪ تخفيض في 24 سنوات تغير المناخ اثار على الجليديه القطبيه كاب 1979 - 2003

8. 8 What causes the emissions of carbon dioxide? What is the magnitude of the problem? What can we all do about it?

9. 9 What is the magnitude of the problem Each person in Libya causes emission of 7.58 tonnes of CO 2 each year. What volume does that occupy? 4.25 hot air balloons How does Libya compare with other countries? Country CO 2 emission per capitaballoons China3.652.03 France6.223.46 Germany10.295.72 India1.020.57 Italy7.954.42 Russia10.635.91 United Kingdom8.984.99 United States18.7310.41 Why do some countries emit more CO 2 than others?

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11. 11 1 hot air balloon = 1.8 tonnes Each person in Libya emits equivalent of 4.25 balloons 1 party balloon = 10 gms 1 big balloon = 900 000 party balloons The magnitude of the problem

12. 12 How to reduce causes of Global Warming Reduce energy use. –How? –Switch off unnecessary appliances –Change how we do things - change the setting on the thermostat Improve efficiency of Energy Use –Insulate buildings to keep them warm in winter and cool in summer. Technical improvements in equipment –More efficient refrigerators, cars etc. Use Renewable Energy rather than fossil fuels to generate electricity. Offset residual emissions

13. 13 How is electricity generated

14. 14 Electricity Generation in Libya Oil 4.73 kWh GAS 1.19 kWh Electricity 1.67 kWh Heat Lost from power station 4.24 kWh Lost from wires 0.47 kWh Used for extracting oil and gas 0.20 kWh Electricity actually used 1.0 kWh 18.47 million tonnes of CO 2 are emitted in the generation of Electricity Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO 2 In UK 520 gms, France 70 grams China 850 gms 28% efficient in Libya Data from IEA Balance Tables for Libya. Power Station For each unit of electricity used.

15. 15 Electricity Generation in Libya and UK Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO 2 in Libya and 520 gms in UK. 28% efficient in Libya Power Station 42% efficient in UK Power Station Coal 37.7% Gas 35.5% Oil 1.3% Other 2.0% Renewable 4.7% Nuclear 18.9% Oil 80% Gas 20% Losses 28% Losses 8.5% Emissions depends on efficiency, losses and fuel Coal 1000 – 1300 gms Oil 900 - 1100 Gas 400 – 600 gms

16. 16 Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004

17. 17 Options for Renewable Electricity Generation On shore wind 1.5 MW machine will provide energy for 1000 homes in UK Possibly 3000 homes in Libya New machines are twice as big 66 m

18. 18 Options for Renewable Electricity Generation Off shore wind Has 30 turbines and can provide sufficient electricity for 35 000 houses in UK

19. 19 Solar Electricity It is still quite expensive

20. 20 Hydroelectricity Some countries have a high proportion of hydro electricity - Norway ~ 99% UK ~ 2%

21. 21 Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Biomass

22. 22 Short rotation coppice (SCR) - Willow Miscanthus ENERGY CROPS But Land Area required is very large - 10000 sq km would be needed to generated just 5% of UK electricity needs. What % of area of UK would be needed just for electricity? 90%

23. 23 Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Biomass Transport Fuels: Biodiesel? Bioethanol? Compressed gas from methane from waste.

24. 24 Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Wave

25. 25 Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Wave

26. 26 Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Tidal

27. 27 Options for Renewable Electricity Generation Geothermal

28. 28 Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004

29. 29 Performance of a Solar Thermal System Data collect 9 th December 2006 – 30 th October 2007

30. 30 Raising Awareness In UK a tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO 2. 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. Standby on electrical appliances ~60+ kWh a year - ~9000 balloons. A Mobile Phone charger: up to 20 kWh per year ~ 3000 balloons each year. 30 kg CO 2 Filling up with petrol (~£38 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) Or one party balloon every 50 m At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai

31. 31 Involve the local Community The residents on the island of Burray (Orkney) campaigned for a wind turbine. On average they are more than self-sufficient in electricity needs and indeed are a net exporter of electricity. Many of the Islanders bought shares in the project and are now reaping the reward. Orkney is hoping to be a zero net emitter of carbon dioxide by 2015. Even better things are happening on the Island of Westray.

32. 32 Involve the local Community Even better things are happening on the Island of Westray. The Parish Kirk, and Community Centre are heated by heat Pumps partly powered by Wind Turbines Waste cooking oil from other islands is processed into biodiesel for farm and other vehicles. Ethanol used in process is obtained from fermentation of harvested sea weed

33. 33 A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future Switch off unnecessary appliances. Turn up thermostat by 1 deg in summer and 1 deg lower in winter 3. Renewable Energy 4. Offset – plant trees 2. Improve Efficiency

34. 34 CRed Birmingham Carbon Reduction CRed North Carolina Carbon Reduction CRed Okinawa Carbon Reduction CRed Shanghai Carbon Reduction CRed Chester Carbon Reduction CRed Australia Carbon Reduction Elsewhere Overseas In the Future

35. 35 So what can you do? What can you do as a School Pledge to save energy Join and commit to Carbon Dioxide reduction >>> CRED CRed Libya?? Carbon Reduction Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese philosopher "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."

36. 36 CRed Carbon Reduction Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А д-р технических наук Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation Email: k.tovey@uea.ac.uk This presentation will be placed on WEB at www.cred-uk.org >>Follow Academic Links

37. 37 Animation Courtesy of Rob Hannington

38. 38 Insulating a building will keep it cool and save energy An insulated building will heat up less quickly and save energy

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40. 40 Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Temperature Rise ( o C) actual predicted Is Global Warming man made? Prediction: Anthropogenic only Not a good match between 1920 and 1970 Predictions include: Greenhouse Gas emissions Sulphates and ozone Solar and volcanic activity

41. 41 Is Global Warming man made? Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office Prediction: Natural only good match until 1960 Predictions include: Greenhouse Gas emissions Sulphates and ozone Solar and volcanic activity 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Temperature Rise ( o C) 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Temperature Rise ( o C) actual predicted

42. 42 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Temperature Rise ( o C) actual predicted Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office Prediction: Natural and Anthropogenic Generally a good match Predictions include: Greenhouse Gas emissions Sulphates and ozone Solar and volcanic activity Is Global Warming man made?

43. 43 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Gas and Oil Production - ASPO projection 2004 Billion barrels of oil a year 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

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45. 45 Electricity Generation in Libya Oil 57001 GWh GAS 14305 GWh Electricity 20202 GWh Heat Lost from power station 51104 GWh Lost from wires 5704 GWh 28% Used for extracting oil and gas 2403 GWh Electricity actually used 12059 GWh 18.47 million tonnes of CO 2 are emitted in the generation of Electricity Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO 2 In UK 520 gms, France 70 grams China 850 gms 28% efficient in Libya Data from IEA Balance Tables for Libya. Power Station

46. 46 What fuels do you use to heat your home in winter? –Gas? –Oil? –Electricity? What fuels do you use in summer? –Electricity? Using Energy causes emission of CO 2 Each fuel emits different amounts of carbon dioxide Gas for heating 210 – 260 gms per unit of heat 21 – 26 balloons Approximately same in all countries Oil for heating 310 – 400 gms Similar same in all countries Electricity 1530 grms [153 balloons] for Libya But 520 gms in UK and 80 gms in Switzerland Why the difference?

47. 47 Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Tidal

48. 48 Options for Renewable Electricity Generation Output 78 000 GWh per annum Sufficient for 13500 houses in Orkney Save 40000 tonnes of CO 2 Tidal Barrages