1. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Population Density Population density is total population size per unit of area. Population densities depend on: Interactions within the environment Quality of habitat Density dependent factors Density independent factors Carrying capacity is the maximum number of organisms that can be supported in a given habitat. Population size can be measured by several sampling techniques.

2. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Population Growth Exponential vs. Logistical Growth

3. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Survivorship in Populations

4. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Reproductive Strategies r- Selected (maximum growth rate, below carrying capacity) Early reproduction Short life span High mortality rate Little or no parental care Large investment in producing large numbers of offspring Below carrying capacity Examples: Bony fish Grasshoppers K-Selected (maximizes population size near carrying capacity) Late reproduction Long life span Low mortality rate Extensive parental care Greater investment in maintenance and survival of adults At or near carrying capacity Examples: Sharks Elephants

5. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Limits on Population Growth Density Dependent Limits Food Water Shelter Disease Density Independent Limits Weather Climate Water and shelter are critical limiting factors in the desert. Fire is an example of a Density independent Limiting factor.

6. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Population Age Structure Differences in environmental conditions and past history may cause populations to differ in their age distributions. The future growth of a population depends on its current age distribution.

7. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Human Population Growth Human population growth does not currently show density effects that typically characterize natural populations. In natural populations, per capita population growth rate decreases with population size, whereas global human population growth rate has a positive relationship. Human population growth rate has been growing more than exponentially. Limited resources eventually will cause human population growth to slow, but global human carrying capacity is not known.

8. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online r-selected Reproductive Strategy r-selected Species: have high reproductive rates tend to occur in unpredictable environments typically have type III survivorship curves

9. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online K-selected Reproductive Strategy K-selected Species: occur near carrying capacity experience effects of population density have low reproductive rates, high parental care have type I survivorship curves.

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19. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 19 What are Wastes? Basel Convention Definition of Wastes “substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law” Disposal means “any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”

20. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 20 Kinds of Wastes Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

21. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 21 Classification of Wastes according to their Properties Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegradable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers and others)

22. BioEd Online 22 Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the Environment Hazardous wastes Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines Non-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines

23. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 23 Sources of Wastes Households Commerce and Industry

24. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 24 Sources of Wastes Agriculture Fisheries

25. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 25 WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Reduce Waste - Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all draft reports and by making training manuals and personnel information available electronically. - Improve product design to use less materials. - Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength. - Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program. - Switch to reusable transport containers. - Purchase products in bulk.

26. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 26 WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Reuse - Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally. - Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper. - Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses. - Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments. - Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.

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28. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 2. Key terms for the water cycle: a. Precipitation: moisture that falls to the ground (rain, snow, sleet, hail) b. Evaporation: changing from liquid to gas (water to water vapor) c. Transpiration: plants give off water vapor from their leaves to the air d. Condensation: changing from gas to a liquid

29. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online II. Oxygen Cycle: 1. Plants make food by photosynthesis They use carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to make oxygen (O 2 ) 2. Animals breathe out carbon by respiration They use oxygen (O 2 ) and breathe out carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) By the way … humans are animals too

30. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Carbon Cycle: notice photosynthesis and respiration are back … they both involve CO 2 (now we’re looking at the C for carbon) fossil fuels photosynthesis carbon dioxide dissolved in water decomposition of organisms respirationcarbondioxide in air photosynthesis combustion respiration

31. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online nitrogen in atmosphere animals denitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria ammonium ammonification decomposers plant nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots nitrates nitrites IV. The Nitrogen Cycle 1. The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground. 2. Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation. –Some nitrogen- fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of plants; others live freely in the soil.

32. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 3. Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium. 4. Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate. nitrogen in atmosphere animals denitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria ammonium ammonification decomposers plant nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots nitrates nitrites –Nitrogen moves through the food web and returns to the soil during decomposition.

33. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online geologic uplifting rain weathering of phosphate from rocks runoff sedimentation forms new rocks leaching phosphate in solution animals plants decomposers phosphate in soil V. Phosphate Cycle 1.Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks. Phosphorus leaches into groundwater from the soil and is locked in sediments. a. Phosphorus leaches into groundwater from the soil and is locked in sediments. b. Both mining and agriculture add phosphorus into the environment.

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36. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 36 Kyoto Protocol Framework stabilize greenhouse gas emissions to prevent anthropogenic interference with the climate system emission targets for industrialized countries between 2008-2012 are collectively about 5% lower than 1990 emissions US target is 7% reduction developing countries do not have quantified targets six gases CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6

37. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online 37 The Protocol is subject to ratification, acceptance, approval or accession by Parties to the Convention. It shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Annex I Parties which accounted in total for at least 55 % of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 from that group, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.