1. Every cell in a specific organism (body) has the same DNA DNA to RNA to Protein Transcription & Translation

3. Facts Every body has  200 major types of cells  Total number of cells: trillions (10 ¹²) Each cell contains  10 billion ( billion = 10⁹ ) proteins  2,000+ different varieties of proteins

4. DNA → RNA → Proteins How is the DNA coded to make proteins? Do all cells produce the same proteins? How do the different cells “know” what proteins to make?  “Gene expression”

5. The structure of the DNA provides the its function. How does the structure of the DNA provide instructions for the working of the cells?

6. Biotech course: Overview: Transcription and Translation  Additional information about DNA The Code for Gene Expression  Say it with DNA What controls the code? Proteins  Structure & Function  Enzymes Using biotechnology to produce proteins needed for medicine or products

7. Video segment

8. How are proteins made?

9. DNA Contains Genes DNA Gene 1 Gene 2 Genes

10. DNA Gene 1 Gene 2 Protein 1 Protein 2 Genes Proteins Genes Provide Instructions for Making Proteins

11. Proteins Have Functions DNA Gene 1 Gene 2 Protein 1 Protein 2 Genes Proteins Function Blue eye color Blood clotting factor

12. During replication, each Original strand acts as a template for a new complementary strand

13. DNA polymerase See HHMI video

14. Using The New Genetics to help your understanding: Getting the Message Pp. 11 – 14. Transcription RNA splicing  Introns and Exons Pp. 18 – 21 Translation

15. Gene Expression DNA only carries the instructions, in the form of genes Proteins do the work mRNA

16. DNATranscription

17. Translation

18. Differences between DNA and RNA DNARNA Sugardeoxyriboseribose StrandDoubleSingle BasesA,T,C,GA,C,G,U Function Carries instructions* Intermediary between DNA and proteins * Exception - RNA viruses

19. A little more about RNA 3 types  mRNA Messenger RNA, works between DNA and protein  tRNA Transfers RNA, converts RNA to amino acids (the smallest part of a protein)  rRNA Ribosomal RNA- part of the ribosome

20. Differences between DNA and RNA

21. Transcription DNA is converted to mRNA  Requires protein called RNA Polymerase  Complimentary bases (A-U) and (G-C)

22. RNA polymerase  Green DNA strand  Blue RNA  Pink

23. DNA Interactive: Code (copying the code) www.dnai.org Finding the DNA Structure, Copying, Reading, & Controlling DNA Code Finding the DNA Structure, Copying, Reading, & Controlling DNA Code

24. Starting & stopping the RNase www.DNAi.org  Controlling the code Genetics.utah.edu  Epigenetics Inside the Cell:  p.23 RNA’s many talents; p.32 Tags New Genetics  P. 14-16 RNA splicing; p.30-31 epigenetics & chromatins

25. How does it start? DNA contains promoters  Think “promote transcription” Without a promoter RNA polymerase doesn’t know where to start Gene A promoter RNA polymerase

26. Transcription Once initiated RNA P adds complimentary nucleotides How does it stop?  Stop signal  When RNA P encounters this signal it stops

27. Eukaryotic Example

28. Promoter Examples Negative system Repressor prevents transcription If a specific protein is in the cell, then it will bind with the repressor & stop the repressor from working. Then, transcription can take place.

29. Why is there a negative system to control transcription ?