2. Part 2

3. 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 Transcription 1 Transcription 2 Translation 1 Translation 2 Mutations

4. Where does transcription take place? (name part of eukaryotic cell) What are copied from DNA during transcription?

5. In the nucleus! Produces RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) Transcription #1 100

6. What are the sites on Prokaryotes called that regulate gene expression during transcription? Why is gene regulation important in Eukaryotes?

7. Regulatory Sites Without these gene expression could not be controlled (turn on or off) in Prokaryotes Regulatory Sites Transcription #1 200 Gene regulation in Eukaryotes allows for cell specialization

8. What is the function of the promoter?

9. Binding site of the RNA Polymerase to begin making mRNA Transcription #1 300

10. An ______________is a group of genes that work together to regulate transcription in prokaryotes

11. Operon Transcription #1 400

12. How does the lac repressor turn off the lac genes in the lac operon?

13. By binding to the operator and blocking transcription by RNA Polymerase Transcription #1 500

14. Transcribe this DNA strand into mRNA… T A C A C G C A G T C A (DNA) mRNA

15. T A C A C G C A G A T T (DNA) A U G U G C G U C U A A (mRNA) Each codon has 3 nucleotides each Transcription #2 100

16. What is the entire process of transcription and translation called?

17. Protein Synthesis Transcription #2 200

18. When an mRNA is being transcribed, what is edited out and what is kept in?

19. Introns Out! “junk” Exons In! Transcription #2 300

20. What is this object leaving the nucleus after transcription?

21. Transcription #2 400 mRNA

22. What is the part of a Eukaryote’s DNA that signals where the RNA polymerase is to begin transcribing? Hint:

23. Transcription #2 500 The TATA Box is the promoter region in eukaryotes for transcription.

24. Where does the mRNA go for translation to occur?

25. Out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm to the ribosome Translation #1 100 Cytoplasm

26. Once the mRNA is in the cytoplasm, what RNA recognizes and wraps around the mRNA?

27. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) Translation #1 200

28. Where does the ribosome (rRNA) begin reading the mRNA? What amino acid does this code for?

29. Begins at the “Start” codon AUG (Remember: It’s the month we start school) AUG codes for Methionine (Met) Translation #1 300

30. What happens to the amino acids that are brought to the ribosome by the tRNA’s during translation? Amino Acid

31. Translation #1 400 The amino acid joins the growing polypeptide chain (protein). The tRNA then leaves to find another amino acid. Amino Acid

32. When do tRNA’s stop bringing amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

33. Translation #1 500 When a STOP codon is reached on the mRNA strand. Translation #1 500 Stop codon Polypeptide chain released into cytoplasm and the ribosome falls off of the mRNA which is disposed of by the cell.

34. Translate this mRNA A U G U G C G U C U A A

35. mRNA A U G U G C G U C U A A Amino Acids MetCysValStop This is TRANSLATION!!! Translation #2 100

36. What does this wheel show? What process is taking place when you use this wheel?

37. Translation #2 200 Shows the GENETIC CODE The process is TRANSLATION

38. How many codons specify for the amino acid Threonine? What are they? What is the max possible number of codons for a single amino acid?

39. Translation #2 300 Threonine ACG ACA ACC ACU 6 is the maximum number or codons possible for an amino acid!

40. What brings the amino acid to the ribosome to make proteins during translation?

41. Translation #2 400 tRNA brings 1 Amino Acid

42. How many different codons are there? How many different amino acids are there?

43. Translation #2 500 Different codons Different amino acids

44. What is a gene mutation? Not a real picture

45. Change in nucleotide sequence Mutations for 100

46. Of the following mutations, which one of these is not a gene mutation? Substitution Deletion Insertion Inversion Gene mutation in mice.

47. Mutations for 200 Substitution = Point Mutation (gene) Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation I bet he can catch 3x more flies!

48. What type of gene mutation is it when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted?

49. Mutations for 300 Frame Shift Gene Mutation The amino acid sequence is no longer the same because the codons have shifted

50. Name all types of chromosomal mutations

51. Mutations for 400

52. What genes control the basic plan for where organs and tissues are to go in an embryo?

53. Mutations for 500 Hox Genes NOT a real picture!!!