1. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 1 Biomedical Imaging 2 Class 1 – Introduction 01/23/07

2. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 2 Course instructor Dr. Harry L. Graber Research Assistant Professor of Pathology / SUNY Downstate Medical Center / Room BSB 4-132, (718) 270-1286 / harry.graber@downstate.edu A.B., Chemistry1983,Washington University, St. Louis, MO Ph.D., Physiology and Biophysics1998,SUNY Health Science Center, Brooklyn, NY Postdoctoral Fellow1998,SUNY Downstate Medical Center Res. Asst. Professor2001,SUNY Downstate Medical Center Research Focus:Optical Tomography - Image Reconstruction and Signal Analysis

3. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 3 Lecture hours / locations, credits Classes –Location: SUNY DMC HSEB 6A (except for 4/24/07, when it’s 6B) –Hours:Tuesday, 5:30 pm to 8:30 pm Credits –Classroom Participation: 15% –Homework: 20% –Exam1:30% –Exam2:35%

4. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 4 Course materials No specific textbook Topic-specific readings (research papers, review papers, scientific magazine articles, internet pages) will be provided as needed Lecture notes and copies of assigned readings will be posted for download at http://OTG.downstate.edu/download.htmhttp://OTG.downstate.edu/download.htm

5. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 5 What is This Course About?

6. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 6 Imaging Modalities Covered in BMI1 X-ray Projection Radiography X-ray Computed Tomography Nuclear Imaging –Planar Scintigraphy –Positron Emission Tomography –Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging –Structural MRI (anatomy)

7. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 7 Imaging Modalities Covered in BMI1 In brief, structural imaging (SI) techniques –With one significant exception

8. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 8 Imaging Modalities Covered in BMI2 Functional imaging (FI) methods –Diffuse Optical Tomography –Optical Coherence Tomography –Functional MRI (fMRI) –Electroencephalographic Imaging –Magnetoencephalography –(Combined, or multi-mode, imaging) But what does “functional” mean?

9. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 9 Meaning of “functional” is context-specific Always involves examination of what tissue is doing –But how this examination is carried out is different for different methods –In some cases, functional imaging just means producing as many structural images as you can, as fast as you can Example: functional x-ray CT –Same goes for some kinds of functional ultrasound What about MRI?

10. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 10 Varieties of fMRI Diffusion-weighted Imaging Perfusion Imaging –Contrast-agent-based –Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Venography Saturation-based Bipolar-gradient-based –Arterial Spin Labeling Diffusion Tensor Imaging Magnetic Susceptibility Imaging –Contrast-agent-based –Blood Oxygen Level Dependent

11. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 11 Some Modalities Are Inherently Functional A:Abdominal x-ray CT image (structural/anatomical) B:PET image of same tissue section (functional) C:Co-registered x-ray CT and PET images

12. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 12 FI Usually Is More “Indirect” than SI Direct imaging = (essentially) no math needed –Laws of physics do the work –e.g., Project an image onto a piece of film with a lens Indirect imaging = lots of math required –Computers used to process the measurement data and reconstruct images “More indirect” means that additional, post- reconstruction operations are needed –Usually involves some type of comparison among images from data collected at different times

13. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 13 Instructional Emphasis Image contrast mechanisms –How is energy interacting with matter (i.e., tissue) –What is the image a picture of? Biological/clinical motivation –Why do we care about the parameter(s) in the image? –How is having this image going to help us? How will it affect the treatment our patient is getting? Data analysis “from soup to nuts” –Pre-processing operations –Image reconstruction –Post-processing operations –“Post-post-” processing operations

14. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 14 Tentative Syllabus 1) 01/23 Introduction; diffuse optical tomography (DOT) 2) 01/30 DOT 3) 02/06 Image post-processing & time-series analysis, Pt. 1 4) 02/13 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) 5) 02/20 fMRI – diffusion-weighted, perfusion 6) 02/27 fMRI – perfusion 7) 03/06 Exam1 8) 03/13 fMRI – BOLD 9) 03/20 Image post-processing & time-series analysis, Pt. 2 10) 03/27 fMRI – diffusion-tensor imaging 11) 04/10 EEG/MEG principles 12) 04/17 EEG imaging 13) 04/24 MEG imaging 14) 05/01 DOT’s “relatives”: fluorescence OT, bioluminescence OT, correlation tomography, optoacoustic tomography 15) 05/08 Exam2 16) 05/15 Wrap-up

15. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 15 Diffuse Optical tomography (DOT) Year discovered:~1988 Form of radiation: Near-infrared light (non- ionizing) Energy / wavelength of radiation:~1 eV / 600–1000 nm Imaging principle:Interaction (absorption, elastic scattering) of light w/ tissue Imaging volume:~10 3 cm 3 Resolution:Low (~1cm) Applications:Perfusion, functional imaging

16. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 16 DOT and CT: Superficial Similarities, Essential Differences Generation: x-ray tube Detection: Detector arrays (ion.-chambers, scint. + photodiode) Computer reconstruction of 2D slices/ 3D volumetric images Source Detector Object

17. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 17 Principles of DOT Scattering dominated Limited penetration depth (~cm), low res. (mm-cm) Economic, functional (hemodynamics) Clear mediumScattering medium screen / detector light source obstacle (absorber) light source detector S D S D D D D

18. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 18 DOT Instrumentation Scalp Bone Cortex CSF 2-3 cm Source / Detector 1 Detector 2 Detector 3

19. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 19 DOT Applications SPECT Brain Arm Breast

20. BMI2 SS07 – Class 1 “Introduction” Slide 20 Electromagnetic spectrum