1. Brain Notes

2. Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity  EEG Electroencephalogram measures electrical currents across the brain Measure brain activity

3. Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity  CT scan Also called a CAT scan Computerized axial tomography X-ray of brain tissue Shows brain structure

4. Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity  PET scan Positron Emissions Tomography Patients drinks radioactive glucose and image shows areas of brain activity.

5. Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity  MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging Exposes brain to magnetic field Shows brain structure

6. Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity  fMRI functional MRI Uses magnetic field Not harmful Shows brain structure and activity

7. Make a Venn Diagram: SHOWS STRUCTURE SHOWS FUNCTION

8. Organization of the Nervous System

9. Autonomic Nervous System

10. Types of Neurons  Sensory Neurons – Afferent Neurons Carry the message from the sense organs to the CNS  Interneurons Make up the CNS  Motor Neurons – Efferent Neurons Carry the message from the CNS to the muscles or glands  Remember – SAME (sensory = afferent, motor = efferent)

11. The Brain  Gray matter – areas of the CNS with high concentrations of cell bodies; outer surface of cerebrum (cerebral cortex)  White matter – areas of the CNS with mostly myelinated axons; inner part of cerebrum  Glial cells – cells in the brain that nourish and protect neurons

12. Brain Stem  Medulla – where spinal cord meets the skull; controls heartbeat and breathing  Pons – above the medulla, this also controls involuntary functions.  Reticular formation– bundle of nerves running through the brainstem; controls arousal; filters irrelevant background information from senses; modulates pain.

13. Thalamus  Pair of egg-shaped organs above the brainstem; receives information from the senses (EXCEPT FOR SMELL) and relays it to the rest of the brain. Thalamus

14. Cerebellum  Controls balance and coordination  In the rear of the head, behind the brainstem

15. Limbic System Amygdala – two almond shaped structures; influence fear and aggression (monkeys and cats) Hypothalamus – below the thalamus; regulates hunger, thirst, body temp, sex, fight-or-flight; triggers the pituitary (the “master gland”); reward center Hippocampus – behind the amygdala; memory

16. Cerebral Cortex Controls information processing; wrinkled to increase surface area Composed of 8 lobes (4 on each side)

17. Frontal Lobes Located in the forehead region Includes the motor cortex (part of brain that controls voluntary movement)  Includes Broca’s area (needed for forming words; located in left hemisphere only)  Broca’s aphasia Broca’s aphasia  Association areas in this region – judgment, planning, processing new memories

19. Parietal Lobes Located on the top and rear of head Contains the sensory cortex (part of brain that registers and processes tactile information (phantom limb) Contains the angular gyrus (left hemisphere only) which is involved in converting written words into sound

21. Occipital Lobes Located in the back of the head Contains the visual cortex

22. Temporal Lobes Located on the sides of head, above ears Receives and processes auditory information Includes Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere only) - part of brain involved in understanding language Wernicke’s aphasia

23. Corpus Callosum bundle of nerves connecting the left and right hemispheres

24. Name that brain part