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Forouzan Akrami MPH of Social Determinants of Hea lth PhD by Research Candidate (Bioethics) Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University.

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Presentation on theme: "Forouzan Akrami MPH of Social Determinants of Hea lth PhD by Research Candidate (Bioethics) Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University."— Presentation transcript:

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2 Forouzan Akrami MPH of Social Determinants of Hea lth PhD by Research Candidate (Bioethics) Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

3 ethical decision making ?why ? biomedical ethics involves the systematic, reasoned evaluation and justification of the "right" action in pursuit of human good or well-being in the context of medical practice.

4 specific moral problems in field of neonatal care (1) when a pregnant patient refuses treatment, (2) in the prenatal consultation at the limits of viability, and (3) When withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is undertaken.

5 The NICU a challenging, highly scrutinized environment Ethical issues may be experienced  moral dilemmas,  moral uncertainty,  moral distress,

6 Biomedical ethics principles in the care of newborns  autonomy,  beneficence,  Non maleficence,  justice

7 Key Concepts (NICU)  Respecting parental authority/autonomy  Applying the best interests of the infant standard of judgment  Minimizing harm to the newborn  Developing sound parent-physician relationships  Empowering and informing parents  Applying family-centered care principles  Respecting parents' values and cultural and religious beliefs  Sharing decision making  Developing respectful inter professional (moral) teamwork

8 Moral distress  انجمن آمریکایی پرستاران مراقبت ­ های ویژه در یک بیانیه در سال 2008 اهمیت تنیدگی اخلاقی در حرفه پرستاری را تشخیص داده و یک اظهاریه خط مشی عمومی در جهت مقابله با شواهدی که نشانگر تأثیر منفی آن بر محیط مراقبت بهداشتی و حفظ نظم پرستاران بوده تدوین کرد.  این انجمن اظهار می ­ دارد که تنیدگی اخلاقی یک مشکل بحرانی در محیط کاری پرستاران می ­ باشد که اغلب هم از آن غفلت می ­ شود و اگر مورد توجه قرار نگیرد توانایی پرستاران را برای تأمین مراقبت بهینه و بدست آوردن رضایت شغلی محدود می ­ سازد. . AACN: American Association of Critical-Care Nurses American Association of Critical-Care Nurses

9  کورلی (2002) در ارایه نظریه تنیدگی اخلاقی خود اظهار نموده است : اهداف پرستاری اخلاقی هستند، وقتی دستیابی به این اهداف مثل حفاظت از آسیب به بیماران، ارائه مراقبت شایسته و به موقع و حفظ محیط سالم با مانع مواجه شود، پرستاران از تنیدگی اخلاقی رنج می‌برند. به نظر او تنیدگی اخلاقی زمانی است که تعداد کارکنان ناکافی است، سیاست‌ها و دستورالعمل‌های سازمانی طوری است که تأمین نیازهای بیماران و خانوادهای آنان را دشوار یا حتی غیر ممکن می‌کند.

10 Criteria for Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Medical Treatment in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit 1. Inevitability of death. This is a situation where it is likely that the infant would die whether intensive care is continued or not. At minimum, the infant would likely not survive to discharge from intensive care. 2. Ineffective treatment. Treatment that is not meeting or would not meet the goals set for that treatment is considered ineffective.

11 3. Poor quality of life. Despite the difficulty in determining the quality of a life with limited cognitive or relational capacity, mobility, or self-awareness, or a life of continued pain and suffering, a poor quality of life is a valid consideration as to whether treatment should be initiated or continued in the face of an extremely poor predicted outcome.

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