1. PASCA PERANG DUNIA KE I - 1948 By : Heru Susetyo, SH. LL.M. M.Si. Ph.D. PERKEMBANGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA

2. Presiden USA Woodrow Wilson (1918) : “Fourteen Points” :  To end war  To create a world dedicated to justice and fair dealing  Rights to self determination WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS

3. 1.The treaty created the League of Nations and The International Labor Organization. 2.‘Self determination’ became a basic component of agreement 3.Guarantee protection of life and liberty for all of inhabitants of the countries 4.Created a mandate system to protect freedom of conscience and religion in former colonial territories VERSAILLES TREATY

4.  Andre Mandelstam (1921) persuaded to adopt a Declaration of the International Rights of Man > a state’s duty to recognize the equal rights of each person within its territory to life, liberty, property, and religious freedom.  H.G. Wells (1939) rights to food and medical care, education, access to information, freedom of discussion, association, and worship. ANTARA PD I - PD II

5.  Scholars promoted human rights, Hitler undermined human rights  Anti semitism in Germany since 1933  Discrimination and genocide/ holocaust to Jewish, gypsies, homosexuals, in Europe HITLER ERA

6.  The killing and rape of Nanking (43.000 civilians)  Japanese in Philippines  Japanese in Indonesia (jugun ianfu) JAPANESE ATROCITIES DURING WORLD WAR II

7.  (Roosevelt) “Four Union Freedoms”  Joint Declaration Roosevelt and Churchill : Atlantic Charter ( August 14 th 1941)  Atlantic Charter : 1.Established a peace 2.Safety within their own boundaries 3.Freedom from fear and want ATLANTIC CHARTER

8. MAINLY FOCUSSED ON THE PROSECUTION OF PERPETRATORS OF WAR TIME ABUSES NUREMBERG AND TOKYO TRIBUNALS 1945

9. 1.Dumberton Oaks meeting (Britain, US, Soviet Union, China) formulate : “proposal for the establishment of a general international organization.” 2.The role of various NGO organizations including several Jewish group THE CREATION OF UNITED NATIONS (PBB)

10.  The charter preambles states that : “the Peoples of the United Nations’ are determined to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of human persons, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small.” THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER

11. 1.Maintain international peace and security. 2.Develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self determination 3.To Achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character. THE UN CHARTER

12. UN General Assembly adopted the UDHR in 10 December 1948 articulating such rights : 1.The rights to life 2.Liberty 3.Security of persons 4.Freedom of expressions 5.Peaceful Assembly UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 1948

13. 6.Association 7.Religious belief 8.Movement 9.Protection from slavery 10.Arbitratry arrest 11.Imprisonment without fair trial 12.Invasion of privacy

14. 1.International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 (entry into force 1976) 2.International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 1966) 3.Optional Protocol to the Civil and Political Covenant INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS

15. ICCPR such as freedom of expression and the right to be free from torture or arbitrary arrest are immediately enforceable. ECOSOC are to be implemented to the maximum of available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.

16. Governments that ratify the Covenants must immediately cease torturing their citizens but they are not immediately required to feed, clothe, and house them. THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ECOSOC

17. The UN has drafted, promulgated, and now helps to implement more than 80 human rights, treaties, declarations, and other instruments dealing with genocide, racial discrimination, womenm, religious intolerance, the rights of disabled persons, etc. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS