1. Chapter 4 Forces and the Laws of Motion

2. Newton’s First Law An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity (that is, constant speed in a straight line) unless the object experiences a net external force. “Equilibrium”

3. Is the object in equilibrium? Describe the motion of the object.

4. Newton’s Second Law

5. Example The net force on a golf cart is 390 N north. If the cart has a total mass of 270 kg, what are the magnitude and direction of the cart’s acceleration?

6. Practice Two students reach for a jar of mustard at the same time. One student pulls to the left with a force of 13.2 N, while the other students pulls to the right with a force of 12.9 N. If the jar has a net acceleration of 0.44 m/s 2 to the left, what is the mass of the jar? 13.2 N 12.9 N

7. Practice A 2.0-kg fish pulled upward by a fisherman rises 1.9 m in 2.4 s, starting from rest. Assuming the acceleration is constant, find the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on the fish during this interval.

8. Practice F T,1 = 23.2 N F T,2 = 23.2 N

9. Practice * Note: force of gravity = 25,000 N (a) F net = 1830 N at 41.0° below the horizontal (b) a net = 0.718 m/s 2 (c) ∆x = 51.5 m

10. Example A Goliath beetle with a mass of 0.080 kg is placed on a slope that makes an angle of 37.0° with the horizontal. If the force of gravity is 0.784 N, find the acceleration of the beetle along the slope (a) if there is no friction, (b) if there is a force of friction applied upward along the slope equal to 1.4 N. 37.0°

11. y x 0.784 N

12. Practice * Note: force of gravity = 4008 N (a) F net = 76 N at 30.0° above the horizontal (b) a net = 0.186 m/s 2 at 30.0° above the horizontal (c) ∆t = 8.03 seconds

13. Newton’s Third Law If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force exerted on object 1 by object 2 is equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by object 1, and these two forces are opposite in direction. “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.” These two forces are called an “action-reaction pair”

14. Action-reaction pair

16. Action-reaction pair: Force of Gravity Which force is bigger?

17. Weight

18. Mass vs. Weight Which is greater: your mass on Earth or your mass on the moon? Which is greater: your weight on Earth or your weight on the moon?

19. Normal Force The normal force acts on a surface in the direction perpendicular to the surface

20. Example A student attaches a rope to a 20.0 kg box of books. He pulls with a force of 90.0 N at an angle of 30.0° from the horizontal. Find the magnitude of the normal force and the net acceleration of the box. 90.0 N 30.0°

21. Force of Friction

22. Friction opposes the applied force Static friction: resists the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and at rest Kinetic friction: opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and sliding over each other

23. Force of Friction The force of friction depends on – the normal force – the materials in contact Coefficient of friction (µ): the ratio of the force of friction to the normal force

24. Force of Friction