1. DNA Replication How does each cell have the same DNA? How is a prokaryote different than a eukaryote?

2. Chromosome E. coli bacterium Bases on the chromosome Prokaryotic Chromosome Structure Go to Section:

3. Eukaryotic DNA Eukaryotes have 1000 times the amount of DNA as prokaryotes, and its more complex DNA is found in the nucleus in chromosomes (the number of chromosomes varies widely of different species) DNA is very long!... but it is highly folded packed tightly to fit into the cell! – For example, a human cell contains more than 1 meter of DNA made of more than 30 million base pairs!

4. Eukaryotic Chromosomes Contain DNA and proteins called histones Tightly packed DNA and proteins form chromatin During mitosis, the chromatin condenses to form tightly packed chromosomes

5. Figure 12-10 Chromosome Structure of Eukaryotes Chromosome Supercoils Coils Nucleosome Histones DNA double helix Section 12-2 Go to Section:

6. Watson & Crick again Earlier: Discovered double helix of DNA Then: DNA can be copied or replicated, because each strand of the DNA double helix has all the information needed to reconstruct the other half by way of base pairing – The strands are complementary!

7. DNA Replication The process of making a copy of the DNA Occurs inside the nucleus of the cell Occurs when the cell is going to divide so each resulting cell will have a complete set of DNA During DNA replication, the DNA separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand serves as a template, or model, for the new strand. Replication occurs in both directions The site where separation occurs is called the replication fork

8. DNA Replication The two strands of DNA unwind or “unzip” breaking the hydrogen bonds and separating. Then each strand becomes the guide or “template” for the making of a new strand. A protein called an enzyme called DNA polymerase breaks the nitrogen base bonds and the two strands of DNA separate, polymerizes individual nucleotides to produce DNA and “proof reads” the new DNA. The bases on each strand pair up with new bases found in the cytoplasm Then the sugar and phosphate groups form the sides of each new DNA strand Each new DNA molecule contains an original DNA strand and a new DNA strand

9. Figure 12–11 DNA Replication Section 12-2 Go to Section: Growth Replication fork DNA polymerase New strand Original strand DNA polymerase Nitrogenous bases Replication fork Original strand New strand

10. STEP 1 Two original strands of DNA separates by unwinding This occurs through the action of an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the strands The two areas on either end where the DNA separates is the REPLICATION FORK Replication fork

11. STEP 2 At the replication fork, DNA polymerase moves along the DNA Strands adding nucleotides As DNA polymerase moves along two strands of DNA form

12. Step 3 DNA Polymerase continues until all the nucleotides have been added Two new identical molecules of DNA are formed Another enzyme connects all the pieces of DNA together

13. Proofreading At the end of Replication, DNA polymerase goes through the DNA to make sure there are no errors This prevents mistakes in the DNA sequences Mutations- Change in the sequence of the DNA

14. Like a Zipper….

15. Figure 12–11 DNA Replication Section 12-2 Go to Section: Growth Replication fork DNA polymerase New strand Original strand DNA polymerase Nitrogenous bases Replication fork Original strand New strand