1. Diversifying the Science & Engineering Workforce: Academic Employment Issues Portrait of an Intractable Problem Cathy A. Trower, Ph.D. January 15, 2005 The National Bureau of Economic Research

2. 1970s Affirmative Action Executive Order 11375 Title IX Women’s Groups in Professional Organizations

3. 1980s Committees on the Status of Women and Minorities Rosters of Scholars in Discipline Career Advancement Workshops Survival Guides AAUP’s Committee W Women’s Studies Programs Coaching –Resume writing –Interviewing techniques –Getting published –Achieving tenure

4. 1990s Target of Opportunity Hires Climate and Quality of Life Studies Data Collection Mentoring NSF ADVANCE MIT/JHU/MI Diversity Offices and Officers Policy Changes: –Stop the clock- Modified duties –Part-time tenure- On-site child care –Flexible tenure clock- Training –Salary equity

5. Science & Engineering, Gender, 1981-2001 Percent Women 19812001 Doctorates Science Engineering 29 5 48 19 Faculty Full-Time Senior Full-Time Junior Part-time 8 22 53 21 39 58 Rank Professor Associate Assistant Instructor 23 32 42 3 23 29 36 12

6. S&E Faculty Salaries, Sex, 2001, 4-year colleges & universities Studies have shown that gender disparities in faculty salaries have remained unchanged at approximately 20 percent over the past 30 years, with unexplained disparities of about 12 percent remaining after accounting for time in service and discipline for women over 40. In 1000’s Total < 10 years Total > 10 years Tenured < 10 Years Tenured > 10 years On TT < 10 Years On TT > 10 years Male Female 48 45 78.2 66 60 52 80 69 52.5 48.5 65 61.9

7. Science & Engineering, Race, 1981-2001 Percent URM 19812001 Doctorates Science Engineering 4.3 2 8.6 8 Faculty Full-Time Full-Time Non Faculty and PT 3.1 3.6 6.4 7.1 Rank Professor Associate Assistant 5.2 7.9 8.6

8. S&E Faculty Salaries, Race, 2001, 4-year colleges & universities Overall, White faculty have the highest salaries; however, differences occur by tenure status. As with gender, salaries by race have remained relatively constant over the past 20 years. In 1000’sTotalTenuredTTNTT White65755250 Black607151.352 Asian/PI58756045 Hispanic57.669.75147.5 Nat Amer60 --

9. Market Forces Athletes Graduate Students GAO / Title IX Competition to be a Great Place to Work – Initiative on New Scholars

10. Data Sources Babco, E.L. and N.E. Bell (2004). Professional Women and Minorities: A Total Human Resource Data Compendium, 15 th Edition. Washington, DC: Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology. Climbing the Ladder: An Update on the Status of Doctoral Women Scientists and Engineers (1983). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Science Board (2004). Science and Engineering Indicators 2004. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation (Volume 1, NSB 04-1; Volume 2, NSB 04-1A). National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics (2004). Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2004. NSF 04-317 (Arlington, VA, 2004). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2001– 02.